Ethnicity questions and antenatal screening for sickle cell/thalassaemia [EQUANS] in England: a randomized controlled trial of two questionnaires

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dc.contributor.authorDyson, Simon
dc.contributor.authorCulley, Lorraine
dc.contributor.authorGill, Cynthia
dc.contributor.authorHubbard, Stephanie
dc.contributor.authorKennefick, Ann
dc.contributor.authorMorris, Patsy
dc.contributor.authorRees, David
dc.contributor.authorSutton, Faye
dc.contributor.authorSquire, Patricia
dc.date.accessioned2008-06-20T13:13:49Z
dc.date.available2008-06-20T13:13:49Z
dc.date.issued2006
dc.descriptionA policy summary of these and related papers has been reproduced in: • The Sickle Cell Disease Information Center, Georgia, USA. • The Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, Baltimore, MD, USA • Athens Institute for Education and Research • London IDEAS Genetics Knowledge Park • Making Research Count: University of Warwick
dc.description.abstractAbstract Concepts allied to ethnicity are increasingly coming under question as legitimate variables for use in health research. A randomised controlled trial of two ethnicity screening questions for ascertaining risk of carrying genes associated with sickle cell and thalassaemia illustrates the challenges and limitations of assessing an association of social constructs and genetic statuses. Objectives To evaluate two candidate ethnicity screening questions in ante-natal screening programmes in low, mixed and high sickle cell prevalence areas, and to identify time taken in administration of the questions by use of the following measures: (1) Proportions of respondents with missing ethnicity data and/or significant changes in ethnic/family origins upon re-interview. (2) Numbers of carriers of clinically significant haemoglobin disorders missed by ethnicity screening questions, (3) Time taken to explain screening question for SCD/thalassaemia and obtain ethnic/family origins. (4) Proportion of clients providing usable ethnic/family origins data (5) Reported ethnic/family origins in pregnant women at first booking with midwife. Design Ten month (Sept 2002-June 2003) questionnaire study with random allocation to two self-administered ethnicity questions, comparison with laboratory results and results from re-interview. The settings were ante-natal booking clinics in four geographical areas of England of varying expected foetal prevalence of sickle cell disease (SCD): very high (29.75 per 10,000 pregnancies); high (8.2); mixed high and low (1.29) and low (0.18). The subjects were 4,559 pregnant women at first booking with midwife. Results Proportion of respondents with missing ethnicity data and/or significant changes in ethnic/family origins upon re-interview were 4.33% (CI 2.63%-6.68%) for a category-based question and 9.45% (CI 6.86%-12.61%) for a binary plus open-ended question. Proportions of carriers missed were 5.74% (CI 2.34%-11.46%) and 9.71% (CI 4.75%-17.13%) by category-based and binary plus open-ended questions respectively. Average time taken averaged to ascertain ethnic/family origins for screening was between 2.17 and 5.12 minutes in different areas, and up to 15 minutes at the 95th Centile. Usable ethnicity screening data was missing in 2.94% of instances. Errors in interpretation or missing data were 3.2% for a category-based question, and 4.71% for a binary plus open-ended ethnicity question. Ethnicity Question A produces fewer cases of missing or misinterpreted data (p<0.001). Conclusions A category-based ethnicity screening question was more effective than a binary plus open-ended question. Using the more effective question, 5.74% (CI 2.34%-11.46%) of significant haemoglobinopathies will be missed in a selective screening programme, and 4.33% (CI 2.63-6.68%) of replies to an ethnicity screening question will be unreliable when compared to information given upon re-interview. In specific carefully circumscribed situations, namely, in ante-natal screening for sickle cell and thalassaemia, it is possible to measure the degree of association between social constructs of ethnicity and health status in a manner that may help in effecting policy decisions.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThe NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme, Department of Health and the Unit for the Social Study of Thalassaemia and Sickle Cellen
dc.identifier.citationDyson, Simon [et al.] (2006) Ethnicity questions and antenatal screening for sickle cell/thalassaemia [EQUANS] in England: a randomized controlled trial of two questionnaires. Ethnicity and health, 11 (2), pp.169-189.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1080/13557850500460348
dc.identifier.issn1355-7858
dc.identifier.issn1465-3419
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2086/118
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherTaylor and Francisen
dc.researchgroupUnit for the Social Study of Thalassaemia and Sickle Cell
dc.researchgroupReproduction Research Group
dc.researchgroupMary Seacole Research Centre
dc.researchgroupHealth Policy Research Unit
dc.researchinstituteInstitute for Allied Health Sciences Researchen
dc.researchinstituteCentre for Reproduction Research (CRR)en
dc.subjectethnicityen
dc.subjectscreeningen
dc.subjectsickle cellen
dc.subjectthalassaemiaen
dc.subjectante-natalen
dc.subjectrandomized controlled trialen
dc.subjectfamily originsen
dc.subjectraceen
dc.subjectRAE 2008
dc.subjectUoA 11 Nursing and Midwifery
dc.titleEthnicity questions and antenatal screening for sickle cell/thalassaemia [EQUANS] in England: a randomized controlled trial of two questionnairesen
dc.title.alternativeEthnic question and screening for sickle cell, RCTen
dc.typeArticleen

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