School of Engineering and Sustainable Development

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  • ItemMetadata only
    Net zero: My drive for innovation, enterprise and lifelong learning
    (Taylor & Francis, 2024-04-19) Tiwary, Abhishek
    Net zero sounds altruistic in terms of its ethos but highly demanding and intertwined (signifying its complexity) when it comes to its delivery. As well, let’s not forget, its existential relation with Anthropocene (albeit in other names, such as carbon neutral, zero emissions, etc.) has come about due to our own misgivings and will probably continue in some form until the last one of us will survive on the Earth. In this chapter, I will first dwell upon the role of evolutionary science/engineering in shaping my personal academic and research journey into net zero. I strongly consider my research over the past two decades has been enriched from the interdisciplinary remits of net zero challenges. More recent activities have focused on integrating sustainability into engineering projects, primarily tackling the dilemma for achieving sustainable net zero at the energy-environment nexus. There is certainly lot more to be done.
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    Net zero on 3D printing filament recycling: A sustainable analysis
    (Elsevier, 2023-06-22) Oladapo, Bankole I.; Bowoto, Oluwole K.; Adebiyi, Victor A.; Ikumapayi, Omolayo M.
    As global concerns about climate change and resource scarcity grow, the need for sustainable practices in manufacturing is becoming increasingly important. 3D printing, a rapidly developing technology, has the potential to mitigate environmental impacts by reducing material waste and enabling decentralised production. This article investigates the sustainability of 3D printing filament recycling, focusing on achieving net-zero emissions. We analyse the environmental impact, energy consumption, and potential for reducing waste in filament recycling and provide recommendations for improving sustainability. Recycling these filaments has been identified as a potential solution to reduce the amount of plastic waste generated. This paper explores the concept of achieving net zero on 3D printing filament recycling, focusing on the sustainable analysis of the process. A literature review was conducted to understand the current state of 3D printing filament recycling and the challenges of achieving net zero. The review was supplemented with interviews with industry experts to gain a more in-depth understanding of the challenges and potential solutions. The results show that achieving net zero on 3D printing filament recycling is possible. However, it requires a holistic approach that considers the entire lifecycle of the filament. The paper discusses the implications of achieving net zero on 3D printing filament recycling for sustainability and the circular economy.
  • ItemMetadata only
    Waste to wonder to explore possibilities with recycled materials in 3D printing
    (Elsevier, 2023-09-16) Olawumi, Mattew A.; Oladapo, Bankole I.; Ikumapayi, Omolayo M.; Akinyoola, John O.
    In a world grappling with environmental challenges and the need for sustainable manufacturing practices, the convergence of 3D printing and recycling emerges as a promising solution. This research paper explores the potential of combining these two technologies and comprehensively analyses their synergistic effects. The study delves into the printability of recycled materials, evaluating their suitability for 3D printing and comparing their performance with conventional materials. The environmental impact of 3D printing with recycled materials is examined through a sustainability analysis and a life cycle assessment of recycled 3D printed objects. The findings reveal significant benefits, including enhanced resource efficiency, waste reduction, and customisation possibilities. The research also identifies challenges and opportunities for scaling up the use of recycled materials in 3D printing, highlighting the importance of collaboration, innovation, and regulations. With potential applications spanning various industries, from prototyping to construction and healthcare, the implications of this research are far-reaching. By embracing sustainable practices, industry collaboration, and innovation, the integration of 3D printing and recycling can pave the way for a more sustainable future, where resource conservation, circularity, and customised production are at the forefront of manufacturing.
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    Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of high-lift Common Research Model in ground effect
    (Cambridge University Press, 2023-10-20) Sereez, M.; Abramov, N.; Goman, M.
    Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are performed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the NASA Common Research Model (CRM) in its high-lift (HL) configuration in close proximity to the ground. The RANS simulations are conducted at a moderate Reynolds number of Re=5.49×106 and M=0.2 with the use of the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. out of ground effect (OGE) simulation results are validated against available wind tunnel data before proceeding to in ground effect (IGE) simulations. The obtained computational results in the immediate vicinity of the ground with asymmetric aircraft attitudes demonstrate significant changes in the longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics, which should be taken into account in flight dynamics analysis of aircraft during take-off and landing in crosswind conditions.
  • ItemOpen Access
    The effect of lattice topology on the thermal and mechanical performance of additively manufactured polymer lattices
    (Elsevier, 2024-02-29) Alqahtani, S.; Alqahtani, T.; Ali, H. M.; Farukh, Farukh; Kandan, K.
    Additive manufacturing (AM) technology offers a streamlined approach to producing intricate components, reducing both time and costs. Lattice structures play a crucial role in optimising design space by proposing lattices that evaluate a broad spectrum of effective thermal and mechanical properties for building applications. This study aims to assess the impact of lattice topology and variations in the number of unit cells on the K-value, U-value, and compression strength of additively manufactured (AM) polymer lattices. The polymer lattice patterns were created using commercially available 3D printers and PLA polymer filaments. Thermal properties were characterised using a commercial heat flow meter (HFM), and hot-box calorimetry was employed to determine the K-value and U-value, respectively. Additionally, a universal material testing machine was used to investigate the compression strength of all specimens. Based on experimental findings, a scaling law was employed to correlate the effective thermal conductivities of various polymer lattice topologies, estimating the U-value of each one. Furthermore, the study examined how AM process parameters influenced the U-value of polymer lattices. The results indicated that lattice topology and relative density significantly affected the U-value. The study also demonstrated that polymer lattice structures can be designed to select the optimal lattice configuration. Varying lattice topology had a notable impact on compression strength. It can be concluded that triangular and diamond lattice specimens with relative density of 40% outperformed other lattice topologies due to their superior mechanical properties, the flexibility of additive manufacturing, and faster manufacturing time. The design of diverse lattice topologies holds promise for incorporating porosity into rigid materials, achieving high thermal and mechanical performance for energy-saving applications.
  • ItemEmbargo
    3DAttGAN: A 3D attention-based generative adversarial network for joint space-time video super-resolution
    (IEEE, 2024-03) Fu, Congrui; Yuan, Hui; Shen, Liquan; Hamzaoui, Raouf; Zhang, Hao
    Joint space-time video super-resolution aims to increase both the spatial resolution and the frame rate of a video sequence. As a result, details become more apparent, leading to a better and more realistic viewing experience. This is particularly valuable for applications such as video streaming, video surveillance (object recognition and tracking), and digital entertainment. Over the last few years, several joint space-time video super-resolution methods have been proposed. While those built on deep learning have shown great potential, their performance still falls short. One major reason is that they heavily rely on two-dimensional (2D) convolutional networks, which restricts their capacity to effectively exploit spatio-temporal information. To address this limitation, we propose a novel generative adversarial network for joint space-time video super-resolution. The novelty of our network is twofold. First, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) attention mechanism instead of traditional two-dimensional attention mechanisms. Our generator uses 3D convolutions associated with the proposed 3D attention mechanism to process temporal and spatial information simultaneously and focus on the most important channel and spatial features. Second, we design two discriminator strategies to enhance the performance of the generator. The discriminative network uses a two-branch structure to handle the intra-frame texture details and inter-frame motion occlusions in parallel, making the generated results more accurate. Experimental results on the Vid4, Vimeo-90K, and REDS datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/FCongRui/3DAttGan.git.
  • ItemOpen Access
    Statistical analysis of solar thermal collectors in the Solar Keymark Database
    (2023-12-06) Summ, Thorsten; Oyinlola, M. A.; Khattak, Sanober; Trinkl, Christoph; Zorner, Wilfred
    Experimental, analytical, or numerical investigations are ordinarily conducted to reveal optimisation potential for solar thermal collectors. At the same time, the ‘Solar Keymark Database’ contains more than 2,000 test reports from certified laboratories featuring properties including thermal efficiency, dimensions, or optical properties. This dataset offers untapped potential for statistical analyses as an alternative optimisation approach. Hence, this paper aims to provide a) the first statistical findings of solar thermal collector properties listed in the Solar Keymark Database and b) insights into statistical relations between these properties. The key correlations observed from the analysis of flat-plate collectors were between efficiency and both gross height (R=0.30) and gross area (R=0.27). We concluded that preferable collector designs may be featured with larger area to height ratios. The analyses of evacuated tube collectors revealed a strong correlation between efficiency and transversal incidence angle modifier (R=-0.65) as a result from different tube spacing. It was noticeable that the quasi-dynamic test method reported significantly higher efficiencies (7.14 percentage points) for evacuated tube collectors, which should be carefully considered for future test procedures. Overall, the statistical analysis was in accordance with conventional bottom-up analyses and revealed insightful dependencies for the present collector data.
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    SIMULATION OF SMOKE DISPERSION AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ON KEBON MELATI SUB-DISTRICT FIRE USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
    (International Journal of Geomate, 2023-05-02) Sari, Deffi Ayu Puspito; Harmanto, Dani; Setioningrum, Agnes
    Kebon Melati sub-district is one of the densely populated areas in the capital city of Jakarta which is prone to fires. In the last twenty years, there have been three cases of fire mostly caused by electrical short circuits. Those fire cause fire smoke dispersion and fire propagation as secondary impact. The aim of this research is to analyze fire smoke dispersion pattern and temperature distribution pattern around hotspots, also to analyze potential area that has to encounter those secondary impacts, henceforth the side that can be used as an evacuation route can be determined. Google Maps, AutoCAD 2015, Revit 2015, Autodesk Flow Design 2015, and Fire Dynamics Simulator are used in this research. Autodesk Flow Design 2015 simulation result wind flow in the west side of Kebon Melati sub-district is more stable than in the east and middle side which have wind flow turbulence as effect of wind flow separation by skyscraper buildings. On the outer west side of Kebon Melati sub-district, wind velocity increase up to 9 m/s as effect of wind flow separation by skyscraper buildings. Fire Dynamics Simulator simulation result, in 30 s simulation with 10.000 kW/m2 Heat Release Rate per unit Area, fire smoke disperse up to 1.440 m in South direction. The South Side has the greatest potential for reduced visibility, fire smoke pollution, and fire propagation. The sides that can be used as evacuation route is the Westside and the Middle side which has more stable wind flow than the East side
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    Solder joint failures under thermo-mechanical loading conditions – A review
    (Taylor and Francis, 2020-04-18) Depiver, Joshua a; Mallik, Sabuj; Harmanto, Dani
    Solder joints play a critical role in electronic devices by providing electrical, mechanical and thermal interconnections. These miniature joints are also the weakest links in an electronic device. Under severe thermal and mechanical loadings, solder joints could fail in ‘tensile fracture, fatigue failure and creep failure. This paper reviews the literature on solder joint failures under thermo-mechanical loading conditions, with a particular emphasis on fatigue and creep failures. Literature reviews mainly focused on commonly used lead-free Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solders. Based on the literature in experimental and simulation studies on solder joints, it was found that fatigue failures are widely induced by accelerated thermal cycling (ATC). During ATC, the mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between different elements of electronics assembly contributes significantly to induce thermal stresses on solder joints. The fatigue life of solder joints is predicted based on phenomenological fatigue models that utilise materials properties as inputs. A comparative study of 14 different fatigue life prediction models is presented with their relative advantages, scope and limitations. A critical review of various creep models is presented. Finally, the paper outlined the combined effect of creep and fatigue on solder joint failure.
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    A Review of the Rolling Contact Fatigue of Rail Wheels Under Various Stresses
    (Springer, 2022-12-20) Tawfik, M. Nur; Padzi, M. Md; Abdullah, S.; Harmanto, Dani; Firdaws, M. N.; Hapaz, H.
    This research paper reviews the recent works on the rolling contact fatigue of rail wheels. The topic covered includes the mathematics equations of rail-wheel contact stress and fatigue, RCF defects in the rail, the development of cracks, and the strategies used to reduce the rate of RCF defects. Therefore, the main understandings of RCF as they currently stand are crucial for the improvement and mitigation on rail fatigue failures in the future. This research paper has not been published yet and has not been discussed yet by the Malaysia Railway Network.
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    Community Skill Development for the Use of Galvalume Composite Concrete Materials for Building Structural Parts
    (IOP, 2023-11-01) Mudjanarko, Sri Wiwoho; Julianto, Eko; Indartono, Arie; Rahmat, M. Basuki; Artaya, I Putu; Rasidi, Nawir; Bahaswan, Rizal; Harmanto, Dani; Wiwoho, Firdaus Pratama
    Galvalume material is often known as Cold Formed Steel material. Galvalume is one component that is often used by the people of Indonesia as a building structure material. Galvalume is easy to use, easily available in the market, and relatively inexpensive. Mild steel profiles can be used instead of roof trusses made of wood and concrete. The problem so far is that innovation regarding the use of Galvalume material has not been widely used for building structures without being wrapped in concrete. In this study, a trial was conducted and the introduction of the application of the use of Galvalume to building structural materials. The methodology is carried out using galvalume which is made as a composite concrete stiffener. Composite concrete testing is only at the concrete compressive strength test stage. The results of the concrete panel test show that the galvalume material can be used and the workers who work on it are not too difficult to do.
  • ItemEmbargo
    PU-Mask: 3D Point Cloud Upsampling via an Implicit Virtual Mask
    (IEEE, 2024-02) Liu, Hao; Yuan, Hui; Hamzaoui, Raouf; Liu, Qi; Li, Shuai
    We present PU-Mask, a virtual mask-based network for 3D point cloud upsampling. Unlike existing upsampling methods, which treat point cloud upsampling as an “unconstrained generative” problem, we propose to address it from the perspecitive of “local filling”, i.e., we assume that the sparse input point cloud (i.e., the unmasked point set) is obtained by locally masking the original dense point cloud with virtual masks. Therefore, given the unmasked point set and virtual masks, our goal is to fill the point set hidden by the virtual masks. Specifically, because the masks do not actually exist, we first locate and form each virtual mask by a virtual mask generation module. Then, we propose a mask-guided transformer-style asymmetric autoencoder (MTAA) to restore the upsampled features. Moreover, we introduce a second-order unfolding attention mechanism to enhance the interaction between the feature channels of MTAA. Next, we generate a coarse upsampled point cloud using a pooling technique that is specific to the virtual masks. Finally, we design a learnable pseudo Laplacian operator to calibrate the coarse upsampled point cloud and generate a refined upsampled point cloud. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PU-Mask is superior to the state-of-the-art methods. Our code will be made available at: https://github.com/liuhaoyun/PU-Mask
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    Calibration and Validation of INA219 as Sensor Power Monitoring System using Linear Regression
    (American International University - Bangladesh, 2023-12-27) Prasetyawati, Farah Yuki; Fauzi, Ahmad; Harmanto, Dani; Harjunowibowo, Dewanto; Utomo, Bayu
    Electricity demand which increases up to 2.7%, needs to be evaluated to prevent power wastage. This paper proposes an INA219 sensor and a power monitoring solution based on the ESP8266. Power Monitoring stores and displays real-time data in Google Sheets via Blynk version 1.0.1. The system has been calibrated with a fixed LED and resistor as a voltage calibration load. Meanwhile, the lamp and shunt resistors calibrate the shunt voltage. The measuring tools for comparison in calibration are digital multimeters, oscilloscopes, and power data loggers. Calibration using the linear regression technique with accuracy, precision, and uncertainty analysis are determined by Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), Relative Standard Deviation (RSD), and Gaussian distribution. Successively, the sensor coefficient of determination (R2), accuracy, precision, and uncertainty of the load voltage and shunt voltage are 0.999 and 0.997, 99.27% ​​and 93.71%, 99.82% and 99.55%,  0.37 V and 0.89 mV.
  • ItemMetadata only
    Experiment and Smith, Watson and Topper model parameter to correlate fatigue life of rail steel
    (Research Square Platform LLC, 2023-12-28) Tawfik, M. Nur; Padzi, M. M .; Abdullah, S.; Harmanto, Dani
    This paper examines the correlation of fatigue life of R260 steel with using experiment and Smith,Watson and Topper model parameter. In order to correlation the fatigue life, three specimens have been used in testing for tensile strength in gaining properties of mechanical and eighteen specimens used for fatigue testing with using Servo-Pulser fatigue machine less 100 kN. In the meantime, the strain gauges were attaching to all specimens to measure the strain amplitude with one to one specimen during in run fatigue testing. All specimens were prepared in accordance standard E466-15 dimension and setting with R=-1 as fully reversed at room temperature with using constant loading amplitude and frequency of 10Hz. The main findings show that both experiment and SWT model parameter the best fit and a good agreement for correlation fatigue life.
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    Aircraft parameter estimation using a stacked long short-term memory network and Levenberg-Marquardt method
    (Elsevier, 2023-09-09) Hui, Zhe; Kong, Yinan; Yao, Weigang; Chen, Gang
    To effectively estimate the unknown aerodynamic parameters from the aircraft’s flight data, this paper proposes a novel aerodynamic parameter estimation method incorporating a stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network model and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method. The stacked LSTM network model was designed to realize the aircraft dynamics modeling by utilizing a frame of nonlinear functional mapping based entirely on the measured input–output data of the aircraft system without requiring explicit postulation of the dynamics. The LM method combines the already-trained LSTM network model to optimize the unknown aerodynamic parameters. The proposed method is applied by using the real flight data, generated by ATTAS aircraft and a bio-inspired morphing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The investigation reveals that for the two different flight data, the designed stacked LSTM network structure can maintain the efficacy of the network prediction capability only by appropriately adjusting the dropout rates of its hidden layers without changing other network parameters (i.e., the initial weights, initial biases, number of hidden cells, time-steps, learning rate, and number of training iterations). Besides, the proposed method’s effectiveness and potential are demonstrated by comparing the estimated results of the ATTAS aircraft or the bio-inspired morphing UAV with the corresponding reference values or wind-tunnel results.
  • ItemOpen Access
    Biocompatibility and Corrosion of Microplasma-Sprayed Titanium and Tantalum Coatings versus Titanium Alloy
    (MDPI, 2024-02-06) Alontseva, Darya; Safarova (Yantsen), Yuliya; Voinarovych, Sergii; Obrosov, Aleksei; Yamanoglu, Ridvan; Khoshnaw, Fuad; Yavuz, Hassan Ismail; Nessipbekova, Assem; Syzdykova, Aizhan; Azamatov, Bagdat; Khozhanov, Alexandr; Weiß, Sabine
    This study investigates the in vitro biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and adhesion strength of gas-abrasive treated Ti6Al4V alloy, alongside microplasma-sprayed titanium and tantalum coatings. Employing a novel approach in selecting microplasma spray parameters, the research successfully engineered coatings with tailored porosity, roughness, and over 20% porosity with pore sizes up to 200 μm, aiming to enhance bone in-growth and implant integration. The study introduces an innovative methodology for quantifying surface roughness using laser electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, facilitating detailed morphological analysis of both the substrate and coatings. Extensive evaluations, including tests for in-vitro biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and adhesive strength, revealed that all three materials are biocompatible, with tantalum coatings exhibiting superior cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, as well as the highest corrosion resistance. Titanium coatings followed closely, demonstrating favorable osteogenic properties and enhanced roughness, which is crucial for cell behavior and attachment. These coatings also displayed superior tensile adhesive strengths (27.6 ± 0.9 MPa for Ti and 28.0 ± 4.9 MPa for Ta), surpassing the ISO 13179-1 standard and indicating a robust bond with the substrate. Our findings offer significant advancements in biomaterials for medical implants, introducing microplasma spraying as a versatile tool for customizing implant coatings, particularly emphasizing the superior performance of tantalum coatings in terms of biocompatibility, osteogenic potential, and corrosion resistance. This suggests tantalum coatings as a promising alternative for enhancing the performance of metal implants, especially in applications demanding high biocompatibility and corrosion resistance.
  • ItemOpen Access
    Shape Analysis of Prosthetic Socket Rectification Procedure for Transtibial Amputees
    (MDPI, 2024-02-05) Nagarajan, Y. R.; Farukh, Farukh; Silberschmidt, Vadim V.; Kandan, K.; Singh, Amit Kumar; Mukul, Pooja
    Achieving a comfortable socket residual limb interface is crucial for effective prosthetic rehabilitation, depending on the precise characterisation and fluctuations in the shape and volume of residual limbs. Clinicians rely on subjective and iterative methods for shaping sockets, often involving a trial-and-error approach. This study introduces a framework for measuring, analysing, and comparing residual limb shape and volume using scanned data to facilitate more informed clinical decision-making. Surface scans of 44 transtibial residual limb casts of various sizes and lengths were examined. All scans were spatially aligned to a mid-patella and subjected to analysis using a shape analysis toolbox. Geometric measurements were extracted, with particular attention to significant rectified regions during the cast rectification process. Following PTB guidelines, our analysis revealed substantial alterations, primarily in the mid-patella region, followed by the patellar tendon area. Notably, there was a significant volume change of 6.02% in the region spanning from mid-patella to 25% of the cast length. Beyond this point, linear cast modifications were observed for most amputees up to 60% of the cast length, followed by individual-specific deviations beyond this region. Regardless of residual limb size and length, the modifications applied to positive casts suggested categorising patients into five major groups. This study employs the AmpScan shape analysis tool, to comprehend the cast rectification process used for capturing and assessing the extent of rectification on patients’ residual limb casts. The clinical implications of our research are threefold: (a) the comparison data can serve as training resources for junior prosthetists; (b) this will aid prosthetists in identifying specific regions for rectification and assessing socket fit; (c) it will help in determining optimal timing for prosthetic fitting or replacement.
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    Current and emerging trends within Higher Education that enhance diversity and inclusivity in undergraduate STEM provision.
    (IntechOpen, 2024-01-25) Bassford, Marie
    Diversity and inclusivity are becoming increasingly important issues within STEM higher education as universities strive to create a more welcoming and supportive learning environment for students from all backgrounds that retain students from underrepresented groups. A range of trending initiatives, presented within this chapter, including the following; The development of outreach programmes specifically targeting underrepresented groups, scholarships and bursaries for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, and mentoring and support programmes for minority students. Targeted recruitment efforts to attract students from underrepresented groups, including recruitment fairs and events in regions with high levels of diversity, liaising with local schools and colleges to encourage students to consider STEM courses, and providing information and support to students and parents about the benefits of studying STEM. The diversification of STEM courses that focus on the social and cultural aspects of STEM, are more interdisciplinary and include elements of other disciplines, such as the arts and humanities. The creation of supportive learning environments, by providing additional support and resources, such as mentoring, tutoring and counselling services, as well as creating physical and virtual spaces for students to meet and network with each other. Increased representation in STEM faculty and staff within Higher Education. This includes efforts to recruit more women and minority faculty members, as well as providing support and training to existing faculty members to help them better understand and support the needs of students from diverse backgrounds. This chapter explores opportunities to create a more diverse and inclusive STEM Higher Education community, which will not only benefit the students but also help address the wider societal challenges faced by STEM fields.
  • ItemOpen Access
    Design and Development of Foodiebot Robot: from Simulation to Design
    (IEEE, 2024-01-17) Moshayedi, Ata Jahangir; Roy, Atanu Shuvam; Liao, Liefa; Sohail Khan, Amir; Kolahdooz, Amin; Eftekhari, Seyyed Ali
    This investigation is centrally focused on the comprehensive evolution and enhancement of FOODIEBOT, an adaptive service automaton with a wide range of functionalities. Its capabilities encompass sophisticated image processing methods, seamlessly integrated via mobile applications (APP) and web interfaces, tailored specifically for intricate object manipulation in dining hall settings. During its developmental phase, the precise calibration of PID controller coefficients emerged as an essential requirement. The model underwent meticulous scrutiny through detailed simulations using MATLAB software. Following this phase, its operational efficiency navigating through circular, elliptical, spiral, and octagonal trajectories underwent rigorous examination, utilizing optimization methodologies like BAS, PSO, POA, and EO. The exposition emphasizes the diverse dispersion of optimized coefficients within each algorithmic framework. The pinnacle of this effort involved a comprehensive evaluation of pathway performance, amalgamating insights from each optimization paradigm. The discussion extensively delineates both simulated and real-time performance metrics of the robot, validating the accuracy and reliability of simulation in deriving PID controller values. In the comprehensive evaluation of methodologies and the robotic system’s effectiveness, the BAS technique excels in operational efficiency. This method consistently outperforms its counterparts in execution time, primarily due to its meticulous optimization of particle count. The comparative analysis across various trajectories reveals intriguing insights. The EO approach showcases outstanding accuracy in Path 1, while the POA method achieves optimal precision in Path 3. Impressively, the BAS technique demonstrates unparalleled accuracy in Path 4. Furthermore, in terms of solution optimization, the BAS method consistently displays the shortest execution times across all traversed pathways. When examining maximum velocity along these routes, the PSO method excels in Paths 1, 3, and 4, consistently achieving the highest speeds. Notably, Path 2 uniquely displays the peak velocity attained by the POA method. This article presents comprehensive insights into the constituent elements of the robotic system’s design. The inquiry delves into the intricate nuances of optimization methodologies, elucidating their profound impact on the service automaton’s performance across diverse orientations. The pragmatic implications underscore the critical role of temporal considerations in the judicious selection of these methodologies. The observed congruence between simulated and practical performance serves as a definitive validation, affirming the precision of simulation computations and the subsequent derivation of PID controller values.
  • ItemOpen Access
    Analysis of double resistance spot welding's failure in high strength low alloy steel
    (iipp Publishing, 2023-03-06) Khaleel, Hayder; Mahmood, Ibtihal; Khoshnaw, Fuad
    High strength low alloy steel (HSLA DOCOL 500 LA) is utilized in the automotive structure because of its superior qualities such as good fatigue resistance, a high strength-to-weight ratio, assisting in reducing the weight of the vehicle, increasing fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is the most welding technique that is used to join automobile parts together. This study investigated the RSW process for high-strength steel. By utilizing the Taguchi approach, the optimization process for double spot nuggets with the principal welding parameters of welding current, welding time, and electrode force was carried out. The values of optimum parameters were 8800Amp for welding current, welding time of 30 cycles and 2560 N for electrode force. Mechanical and microstructure tests were carried out to study the failure modes while the fatigue test was achieved to obtain the fatigue endurance limit and it was at a maximum load 1500 N and during the fatigue test two types of failure happened: full pull-out failure and cracks around the nugget zone.