School of Engineering and Sustainable Development
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Item Open Access A 2d-Numerical Study on Slot Jet Applied to a Wind Turbine as a Circulation Control Technique(XII International Conference on Computational Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer, 2019-09) Petracci, Ivano; Manni, Luca; Angelino, Matteo; Corasaniti, Sandra; Gori, FabioA study on the feasibility of the Circulation Control (CC) technique for wind turbines is proposed. The CC was born in aeronautic field to improve the lift force on the wings, allowing the short take-off and landing of aircraft. It consists in blowing air at a relatively high speed over a rounded trailing edge. The thin jet of air remains attached to the convex curved surface, imposing a certain curvature to the outer streamlines, and, hence, increasing the lift force of the airfoil. Aim of this study is to numerically investigate the advantages on a wind turbine, based on the S809 airfoil, taking into account the energy related considerations, as the cost of the jet production. The paper, after a thorough evaluation of the increase of the generated power, finds that this technique could be promising in the energy harvesting aim.Item Open Access 3-D Printing of Flexible Two Terminal Electronic Memory Devices(Materials Research Society, 2018-01-10) Salaoru, Iulia; Paul, Shashi; Maswoud , S.Recent strategy in the electronics sector is to ascertain the ways to make cheap, flexible and environmentally friendly electronic devices. The 3D inkjet printing technology is based on the Additive Manufacturing concept and it is with no doubt capable of revolutionising the whole system of manufacturing electronic devices including: material selection; design and fabrication steps and device configuration and architecture. Thus, 3D inkjet printing technology (IJP) is not only one of the most promising technologies to reduce the harmful radiation/ heat generation but also achieve reductions in manufacturing cost. Here, we explore the potential of 3D – inkjet printing technology to provide an innovative approach for electronic devices in especially information storage elements by seeking to manufacture and characterise state-of-art fully inkjet printed two terminal electronic memory devices. In this work, ink-jettable materials (Ag and PEDOT:PSS) were printed by a piezoelectric Epson Stylus P50 inkjet printing machine on a flexible substrate. All components of the memory cells of a simple metal/active layer/metal structure were deposited via inkjet printing. The quality of the printed layers was first assessed by Nikon LABOPHOT-2 optical microscope, fitted with Nikon Camera DS-Fi1. Furthermore, an in-depth electrical characterisation of the fabricated memory cells was carried out using HP4140B picoammeter.Item Open Access A 3D GBSM for high-speed train communication systems under deep cutting scenarios(IEEE, International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications (HMWC), 2015, 2015-12) Feng, Liu; Fan, Pingzhi; Wang, Cheng-Xiang; Ghazal, AmmarThis paper proposes a novel three-dimensional (3D) cylinder geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) for non-isotropic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rice fading channels in high-speed train (HST) wireless communications under deep cutting scenarios. Using a validated approximation, the closed-form expression of the space-time correlation function (ST CF) of the proposed GBSM is obtained. Different from two-dimensional (2D) channel models, in the 3D GBSM the elevation angles and the height of the base station (BS) antenna relative to the mobile station (MS) one are introduced. The numerical results show the rationality of the approximation and how the arrangements of antennas affect the ST CF.Item Metadata only 3D Model of partial discharge in defects with different sizes and positions in power cable for distribution and transmission networks(IET, 2020-10-14) Ragusa, Antonella; Sasse, Hugh; Duffy, A. P.The knowledge of partial discharge (PD) phenomena inside electrical insulation of power cables is an important issue for assessing the insulation condition and its degradation state, obtaining information about the likelihood of failure. PDs cause signals to propagate along the cable, as noise phenomena, and contribute to the insulation degradation, culminating in a disruptive fault with the interruption of power supply. Therefore, PDs are considered the best ‘early warning’ indicators of insulation degradation and their modelling, with the development of on-line PDs location methods, are important topics to increase the networks’ electricity security. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) model of PD events using the CST STUDIO® Dassault software is proposed. PDs inside air inclusions in epoxy-resin are analysed with different shapes, positions and sizes of the defect. The electric-field distribution is evaluated with the conduction current inside the void and the apparent charges induced on the electrode. The effectiveness of the model is validated by comparing the simulation results with other published experimental results. Finally, a description of a 3D–1D hybrid model useful to describe the propagation of PD signals in power networks is given.Item Open Access 3D printing of bone scaffolds with hybrid biomaterials(Elsevier, 2018-09-29) Bankole, I.; Oladapo, S.; Adeoye, A.O.M.; Zahedi, S. A.In this research, a novel hybrid material bone implant manufacturing through the integration of two materials using additive manufacturing (AM) technology is proposed. Biomimetic application can manufacture high strength biomechanical implants with optimised geometry and mass. The combination of polymers allows a significant leap in the development and production of a great diversity of components and applications of biomaterials. A novel hybrid scaffold with a poly lactic acid (PLA) matrix reinforced with carbohydrate particles (cHA) is analysed using digital surface software in the mass proportions of 100/0, 95/5, 90/10 and 80/20 for application in tissue and regenerative engineering, seeking a higher proposition strength of PLA. Filaments are used to fabricate scaffolds by 3D printing, using the fused deposition method. The frameworks are submitted to bioactivity tests, surface roughness evaluation, apparent porosity and mechanical analysis. Analysis of the microstructure of the composite particle evaluates the 3D surface luminance structure and the profile structure. Cross-sectional views of the specimens are extracted and analysed, and the surface roughness, waviness profile, and Gaussian filter of the structures are observed. In summary the structures are checked and analysed by SEM and EDS where possible, to observe the bioactive behaviour of the materials. The relationship between cHA content and roughness is shown to be proportional. The mechanical properties are shown to be affected by the reduced interaction between the PLA matrix and the cHA particlesItem Metadata only 3D Printing of Flexible Two Terminal Electronic Memory Devices(2017-12) Salaoru, Iulia; Maswoud, Salah; Paul, Shashi; Manjunatha, Krishna NamaRecent strategy in the electronics sector is to ascertain the ways to make cheap, flexible and environmentally friendly electronic devices. The 3D Inkjet printing technology is based on the Additive Manufacturing concept [1] and it is with no doubt capable of revolutionizing the whole system of manufacturing electronic devices including: material selection; design and fabrication steps and device configuration and architecture. 3D Inkjet printing technology (IJP) is one of the most promising technologies to reduce the harmful radiation/ heat generation and also achieve reduction in manufacturing cost. Here, we explore the potential of 3D – inkjet printing technology to provide an innovative approach for electronic devices in especially information storage elements by seeking to manufacture and characterize state-of-art fully inkjet printed two terminal electronic memory devices. In this work, an ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed by a a piezoelectric Epson Sylus P50 Inkjet printing machine on a flexible substrate. The active printed layers were deposited into a functioning simple metal/insulator/metal structure. Firstly, from ink perspective, the main physical properties such as rheological behaviour; surface tension and wettability were investigated. Furthermore, an in-depth electrical characterization of the fabricated memory cells was carried out using HP4140B picoammeter and an HP4192A impedance analyser. [1] N.Hopkinson, R.Hague, P.Dickens, Rapid manufacturing; an industrial revolution for the digital age. West Sussex, UK, John Wiley and Sons; 2006 [2] Iulia Salaoru, Zuoxin Zhou, Peter Morris, Gregory Gibbons, Inkjet printing of polyvinyl alcohol multilayers for addiive manufacturing applications, J.Appl.Polym.Sci., 133(25), 43572 (2016) [3] Ruth Cherrington, B.M.Wood, Iulia Salaoru, Vannessa Goodship, Digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells, JoVE, e53963, (2016) [4] Iulia Salaoru, Zuoxin Zhou, Peter Morris, Gregory J. Gibbons, Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers, JoVE,123, e55093-e55093, (2017).Item Open Access 3D printing of PEEK and its composite to increase biointerfaces as a biomedical material-A review(Elsevier, 2021-03-26) Oladapo, Bankole I.; Zahedi, S. A.; Ismail, S.O.; Omigbodun, F.T.Poly ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a polymer with better lignin biocompatibility than other polymers. It is good for biomedical engineering applications. This research summarises the outcomes of an evaluation conducted on PEEK material composites, such as cellular calcium hydroxyapatite (CHAp) for medical applications. Prospects of PEEK for medical implant are highlighted. Critical analysis and review on 3D printing of PEEK, CHAp and their biological macromolecular behaviours are presented. An electronic search was carried out on Scupos database, Google search and peer-reviewed papers published in the last ten years. Because of the extraordinary strength and biological behaviours of PEEK and its composite of CHAp, 3D-printed PEEK has several biomedical applications, and its biological macromolecular behaviour leads to health sustainability. This work highlights its biological macromolecular behaviours as a bone implant material and the optimum 3D printing process for PEEK and CHAp for medical applications. The current problems with printing PEEK and CHAp are investigated along with their possible uses. Possible solutions to improve the 3D printability of PEEK and CHAp are explained based on scientific mechanisms. This detailed report stands to benefit both scientific community and medical industry to enhance 3D printing concepts for PEEK and CHAp.Item Open Access 3D printing of PEEK-based medical devices(Infinite Science Publishing, 2019-09-12) Tafaoli-Masoule, Mojtaba; Shakeri, Mohsen; Seitz, Herman; Vaezi, Mohammad; Zahedi, S. A.Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is an excellent thermoplastic alternative to metallic biomaterials which is used for loadbearing applications due to its high strength and stiffness, and biocompatibility with no cytotoxic effects. However, a potential clinical concern is that PEEK alone is not bioactive enough, and thus has limited fixation to bone. To overcome this problem, bioactive materials and/or porosity are incorporated into PEEK medical devices. The latest developments in these two strategies are presented. in this paper. Bioactive PEEK/hydroxyapatite (HA) prepared by integration of 3D printing and compression molding is presented in this paper. In addition, nozzle and build plate temperatures for 3D printing of porous PEEK were optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve the highest mechanical strength for load bearing applications such as spinal fusion cages.Item Open Access 3D printing of PEEK–cHAp scaffold for medical bone implant(Springer, 2020-10-21) Oladapo, Bankole I.; Zahedi, S. A.; Ismail, Sikiru O.; Omigbodun, Francis T.; Bowoto, Oluwole K.; Olawumi, Mattew A.; Muhammad, Musa A.The major drawback associated with PEEK implants is their biologically inert surface, which caused unsatisfactory cellular response and poor adhesion between the implants and surrounding soft tissues against proper bone growth. In this study, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was incorporated with calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) to fabricate a PEEK–cHAp biocomposite, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and a surface treatment strategy to create microporous architectures onto the filaments of PEEK lattice scaffold. Also, nanostructure and morphological tests of the PEEK–cHAp biocomposite were modeled and analyzed on the FDM-printed PEEK–cHAp biocomposite sample to evaluate its mechanical and thermal strengths as well as in vitro cytotoxicity via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A technique was used innovatively to create and investigate the porous nanostructure of the PEEK with controlled pore size and distribution to promote cell penetration and biological integration of the PEEK–cHAp into the tissue. In vivo tests demonstrated that the surface-treated micropores facilitated the adhesion of newly regenerated soft tissues to form tight implant–tissue interfacial bonding between the cHAp and PEEK. The results of the cell culture depicted that PEEK–cHAp exhibited better cell proliferation attachment spreading and higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PEEK alone. Apatite islands formed on the PEEK–cHAp composite after immersion in simulated body fluid of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) for 14 days and grew continuously with more or extended periods. The microstructure treatment of the crystallinity of PEEK was comparatively and significantly different from the PEEK–cHAp sample, indicating a better treatment of PEEK–cHAp. The in vitro results obtained from the PEEK–cHAp biocomposite material showed its biodegradability and performance suitability for bone implants. This study has potential applications in the field of biomedical engineering to strengthen the conceptual knowledge of FDM and medical implants fabricated from PEEK–cHAp biocomposite materials.Item Open Access 3D printing of surface characterisation and finite element analysis improvement of PEEK-HAP-GO in bone implant(Springer, 2019-11-28) Chong, Seng Kwong; Malachi, Idowu; Oladapo, Bankole I.; Zahedi, S. A.; Omigbodun, F.T.Research and development of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites with high thermal conductivities and ideal thermal stabilities have become one of the hot topics in composites. However, not all PEEK composites have the necessary characteristics adequate fracture toughness to resist forces and crack propagation, with an improved mechanical and structural properties. This research evaluates a novel computational surface characterisation and finite element analysis (FEA) of polyetheretherketone and hydroxyapatite graphene oxide (PEEK-HAP-GO) in the process of 3D printing to improve fracture toughness to resist forces and crack propagation. It also focuses on increasing the hydrophilicity, surface roughness, and coating osteoconductive of PEEK-HAP-GO for the bone implant. Compression and tensile tests were performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the PEEK-HAP-GO structure. The addition of calcium phosphate and the incorporation of porosity in PEEK-HAP-GO has been identified as an effective way to improve the osseointegration of bone-implant interfaces of PEEK-HAP-GO. The further analytical structure of the particle was performed, evaluating the surface luminance structure and the profile structure of composite material in 3D printing, analysing the profile curve of the nanostructure from the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the uniaxial compression tests in new PEEK-HAP-GO biodegradable materials show good compressive strength suitable for loading applications. It shows melt-blending with bioactive nanoparticles can be used to produce bioactive nanocomposites like HAP-GO and is used to modify the surface structure of PEEK implants in order to make it more bioactive.Item Open Access 3D Simulation of Partial Discharge in High Voltage Power Networks(IWCS Inc, 2019-10-01) Ragusa, Antonella; Sasse, Hugh G.; Duffy, A. P.Partial discharge (PD) events arise inside power cables due to defects of cable’s insulation material, characterized by a lower electrical breakdown strength than the surrounding dielectric material. These electrical discharges cause signals to propagate along the cable, manifesting as noise phenomena. More significantly, they contribute to insulation degradation and can produce a disruptive effect with a consequent interruption of power network operation. PD events are, therefore, one of the best ‘early warning’ indicators of insulation degradation and, for this reason, the modeling and studying of such phenomena, together with the development of on-line PDs location methods, are important topics for network integrity assessment, and to define methods to improve the power networks’ Electricity Security. This paper presents a 3D model of PD events inside a void in epoxy-resin insulation cables for High Voltage (HV) power networks. The 3D model has been developed using the High Frequency (HF) Solver of CST Studio Suite® software. PD events of a few µs duration have been modelled and analyzed. The PD behavior has been investigated using varying electrical stress. A first study of the PD signal propagation in a power network is described.Item Open Access 3D-printed biomimetic bone implant polymeric composite scaffolds(Springer, 2023-04-14) Oladapo, Bankole I. ; Ismail, Sikiru; Zahedi, S.A.; Fernando, Wattala; Ikumapayi, OmolayoThis research introduced a new poly-ether-ether-ketone calcium hydroxyapatite (PEEK-cHAp) composite for a convenient, fast and inexpensive femur bone-implant scaffold with different lattice structures to mimic natural bone structure. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) was used to print a hybrid PEEK-based filament-bearing bioactive material suited for developing cHAp. Using FDM, the same bone scaffold PEEK will be fabricated, depending on the shape of the bone fracture. The scaffolds were examined for in-vitro bioactivity by immersing them in a simulated bodily fluid (SBF) solution. Furthermore, in-vitro cytotoxicity tests validated the suitability of the composite materials employed to create minimal toxicity of the scaffolds. After spreading PEEK nanoparticles in the grains, the suggested spherical nanoparticles cell expanded over time. The motif affected the microstructure of PEEK-cHAp in terms of grain size and 3D shape. The results established the proposed optimum design and suitable material for prospective bone implants, as required for biomimetic artificial bone regeneration and healing.Item Open Access 3DAttGAN: A 3D attention-based generative adversarial network for joint space-time video super-resolution(IEEE, 2024-03-18) Fu, Congrui; Yuan, Hui; Shen, Liquan; Hamzaoui, Raouf; Zhang, HaoJoint space-time video super-resolution aims to increase both the spatial resolution and the frame rate of a video sequence. As a result, details become more apparent, leading to a better and more realistic viewing experience. This is particularly valuable for applications such as video streaming, video surveillance (object recognition and tracking), and digital entertainment. Over the last few years, several joint space-time video super-resolution methods have been proposed. While those built on deep learning have shown great potential, their performance still falls short. One major reason is that they heavily rely on two-dimensional (2D) convolutional networks, which restricts their capacity to effectively exploit spatio-temporal information. To address this limitation, we propose a novel generative adversarial network for joint space-time video super-resolution. The novelty of our network is twofold. First, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) attention mechanism instead of traditional two-dimensional attention mechanisms. Our generator uses 3D convolutions associated with the proposed 3D attention mechanism to process temporal and spatial information simultaneously and focus on the most important channel and spatial features. Second, we design two discriminator strategies to enhance the performance of the generator. The discriminative network uses a two-branch structure to handle the intra-frame texture details and inter-frame motion occlusions in parallel, making the generated results more accurate. Experimental results on the Vid4, Vimeo-90K, and REDS datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/FCongRui/3DAttGan.git.Item Metadata only 5 million lux meters(2007-05) Mardaljevic, John; Painter, B.; Andersen, M.Item Open Access A Climate Emergency Action Plan Toolkit for Community Organisations: Pilot Study Results(2021-09) Kerr, Daniel William; Reeves, Andrew; Hill, Bethan; Alhawamdeh, Aroob; Elmishri, SajaLeicester City Council (LCC) are encouraging businesses and organisations across Leicester to create their own Climate Emergency Action Plans, to play their part in the city’s efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030. To support this, LCC are developing a standalone ‘Climate Emergency Action Plan toolkit’, which can be used by non-business community organisations in the city to develop their own action plans to reduce their carbon footprint (CF), and other negative environmental impacts through measures such as improved energy efficiency in buildings, modal shifts in transport or otherwise. This project aimed to aid development of this toolkit through piloting a small-scale offer of support and eliciting feedback on the draft resources.Item Embargo A comparative analysis of perforation and blister features on internally corroded aged water pipeline wall(2022-02-27) Martinez, Sanja; Ilhan-Sungur, Esra; Cansever, Nurhan; Khoshnaw, FuadDespite well-controlled chlorination, no known operational outages and physicochemical parameters of the water indicating a slight tendency to form carbonate deposits, aged and internally uncoated pipelines may experience unexpected internal corrosion events that raise integrity concerns. Typical corrosion damage was investigated consisting of a single perforation covered by a corrosion product cap (CPC) approximately 5 cm in diameter and surrounded by a relatively dense population of blisters of approx. 1 cm in diameter covering shallow corrosion pits. It was observed on the inner wall of an aged on-land water distribution pipeline after decades of corrosion-free operation. A dense population of bacteria, sulphides and extracellular polysaccharide substances were detected in the CPC, but none at the pit bottom surrounding the perforation and within the blisters, but abundant fungi were observed on scanning electron microscopy images of the blister bottom. The morphology of the blisters suggests that the blister formation is due to the loss of adhesion of the corrosion product layer, which is influenced by the formation of spherulitic crystals. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggest that the growth of these carbonate crystals is related to the adsorption of microbially generated carbonyl groups. The results support a likely scenario of the effect of biomineralization on the appearance of corrosion through the formation of blisters, which may provide a niche for microbes that eventually cause corrosion damage.Item Embargo A comparative study of electrochemical stability and biocompatibility of TiN Nanowires and thin films for neural-electrode application(Elsevier, 2024-06-02) Sait, Roaa; Govindarajan, S.; Hussein, Deema; Alhowity, Alazouf; Baeesa, Saleh; Bangash, Mohammed; Abuzenadah, Adel; Cross, RichardNeural-electrode devices with adequate charge injection capacity, long operating lifetime and excellent biocompatibility with interfaced tissues are essential to treat chronic neurological disorders. The device’s efficiency hinges on the electrochemical properties of the electrode material, prompting extensive research on diverse material surfaces. Here, we investigate the electrochemical stability and biocompatibility of titanium nitride (TiN) nanowires (NWs) synthesized previously through the novel plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) utilizing lower temperature as compared to conventional methods. These TiN-NWs were compared with TiN thin films, shedding light on their respective performances. TiN-NWs electrode revealed far superior electrochemical stability over 1000 cycles, achieving a capacitance retention of 93% as compared to 68% to that of TiN film electrode, under ambient conditions with dissolved oxygen. Moreover, our in-vitro cell culture spanning 20 days exhibited excellent biocompatibility for both substrates. Interestingly, cell distribution on the NWs appeared more dispersed with fewer clusters, potentially facilitating controlled electrical stimulation. These findings not only highlights the potential use of TiN-NWs for chronic stimulation of neurons, but also shows that surface morphology has a potential effect in minimising surface oxidation and improving electrochemial performance of the material.Item Open Access A New Approach to Ti-HA Bio Composite: Pressure-Assisted Coating on the Antibacterial and Electrochemical Properties of Ti6Al4V(Johnson Matthey Plc, 2025-01-15) Yamanoglu, Ridvan; Alontseva, Darya; Bahador, Abdollah; Uzuner, Huseyin; Khoshnaw, Fuad; Muratal, Onur; Gumus, Serap; Yavuz, Ismail; Ozdemir, YahyaThis study aims to coat Ti6Al4V alloy with Ti-xHA (x=2.5-10wt.%) mixture to improve its surface properties. A new approach using a powder metallurgical pressure-assisted sintering method was applied to the coating process. The in-situ sintering and coating process was performed at 950°C for 45 min in a vacuum atmosphere of 10-4 mbar. A pressure of 50MPa was applied during the sintering process. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) cultures were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the sintered and coated samples. The electrochemical properties of the samples were studied by Tafel extrapolation and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The results showed that the coating layer containing wt.%7.5 of HA increased the antibacterial property against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cultures. Furthermore, it was determined that the icorr value of the material decreased, and the corrosion resistance improved with an increasing HA ratio. In addition, no active-passive oxidation zone formation was observed up to 2000 mV in the HA-added samples.Item Metadata only A Review of the Rolling Contact Fatigue of Rail Wheels Under Various Stresses(Springer, 2022-12-20) Tawfik, M. Nur; Padzi, M. Md; Abdullah, S.; Harmanto, Dani; Firdaws, M. N.; Hapaz, H.This research paper reviews the recent works on the rolling contact fatigue of rail wheels. The topic covered includes the mathematics equations of rail-wheel contact stress and fatigue, RCF defects in the rail, the development of cracks, and the strategies used to reduce the rate of RCF defects. Therefore, the main understandings of RCF as they currently stand are crucial for the improvement and mitigation on rail fatigue failures in the future. This research paper has not been published yet and has not been discussed yet by the Malaysia Railway Network.Item Metadata only A window into land managers’ preferences for new forms of agri-environmental schemes: Evidence from a post-Brexit analysis(Elsevier, 2023-03-12) Tyllianakis, Emmanouil; Martin-Ortega, Julia; Ziv, Guy; Chapman, Pippa J.; Holden, Joseph; Cardwell, Michael; Fyfe, DuncanSecuring the provision of environmental public goods from agriculture is central to addressing the critical challenge of ensuring global food security while halting ecosystem degradation. Agri-environment schemes (AES) are considered to have a key role to play in supporting the transition to more sustainable ways of producing food. Existing evidence suggests that farmers are generally willing to enrol in AES for the delivery of environmental features, but robust policy support requires further exploration of land managers’ preferences and how these interplay with contract features to achieve higher environmental targets. We undertook a discrete choice experiment with land managers in post-Brexit UK, with what can be considered a ‘benchmark’ sample of younger AES-inclined land managers. This provides a window into the future of the UK farming landscape, but also, given the revision of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy and other international discussions, it also provides insights into land managers’ preferences for new contract features more widely. Our results suggest that (such type of) land managers are likely to be receptive to a transition to result-based, collaborative schemes supporting landscape-wide interventions in alignment with net zero agendas. These interventions could be done in exchange for levels of compensation similar to current levels. While this raises promise, our results also emphasize challenges, particularly to attract those less generally AES-prone land managers. Payments levels probably need to remain close to the current ones (not lower), farmers’ awareness and support for net-zero agendas need to be reinforced and more interaction between land managers and policy makers will be needed.