Browsing by Author "Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-"
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Item Embargo 20 years of ETHICOMP: time to celebrate?(Elsevier, 2015-08-10) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Ess, C. M.Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give an introduction to the special issue by providing background on the ETHICOMP conference series and a discussion of its role in the academic debate on ethics and computing. It provides the context that influenced the launch of the conference series and highlights its unique features. Finally, it provides an overview of the papers in the special issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper combines an historical account of ETHICOMP and a review of the existing papers. Findings – ETHICOMP is one of the well-established conference series (alongside IACAP and CEPE) focused on ethical issues of information and computing. Its special features include: multidisciplinary and diversity of contributors and contributions; explicit outreach to professionals whose work is to design, build, deploy and maintain specific computing applications in the world at large; creation of knowledge that is accessible and relevant across fields and disciplines; intention of making a practical difference to development, use and policy of computing principles and artefacts; and creation of an inclusive, supportive and nurturing community across traditional knowledge silos. Originality/value – The paper is the first one to explicitly define the nature of ETHICOMP which is an important building block in the future development of the conference series and will contribute to the further self-definition of the ETHICOMP community. Keywords Ethics, Computer ethics, Computer science Paper type ViewpointItem Open Access Accompanying technology development in the Human Brain Project: From foresight to ethics management(Elsevier, 2018-02-01) Aicardi, C.; Fothergill, B. Tyr; Rainey, Stephen; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Harris, E.This paper addresses the question of managing the existential risk potential of general Artificial Intelligence (AI), as well as the more near-term yet hazardous and disruptive implications of specialised AI, from the perspective of a particular research project that could make a significant contribution to the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI): the Human Brain Project (HBP), a ten year Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship of the European Commission. The HBP aims to create a digital research infrastructure for brain science, cognitive neuroscience, and brain-inspired computing. This paper builds on work undertaken in the HBP’s Ethics and Society subproject (SP12). Collaborators from two activities in SP12, Foresight and Researcher Awareness on the one hand, and Ethics Management on the other, use the case of machine intelligence to illustrate key aspects of the dynamic processes through which questions of ethics and society, including existential risks, are approached in the organisational context of the HBP. The overall aim of the paper is to provide practice-based evidence, enriched by self-reflexive assessment of the approach used and its limitations, for guiding policy makers and communities who are, and will be, engaging with such questions.Item Metadata only Accountability and reflective responsibility in information systems.(Springer, 2006) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-Item Open Access Acting like a true professional: The contribution of critical research in information systems.(ACM, 2008) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Brooke, CaroleItem Metadata only Against Commodification: The University, Cognitive Capitalism and Emergent Technologies(University of Salzburg, 2012) Hall, Richard; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-This paper investigates how four specific emergent technologies, namely affective computing, augmented reality, cloud-based systems, and human machine symbiosis, demonstrate how technological innovation nurtured inside the University is commodified and fetishised under cognitive capitalism or immaterial labour, and how it thereby further enables capital to reproduce itself across the social factory. Marx’s critique of technologies, through their connection to nature, production, social relations and mental conceptions, and in direct relation to the labour process, demonstrates how capital utilises emergent technologies to incorporate labour further into its self-valorisation process as labour-power. The University life-world that includes research and development is a critical domain in which to site Marx's structural technological critique, and it is argued that this enables a critique of the public development and deployment of these technologies to reveal them as a fetishised force of production, in order to re-politicise activity between students, teachers and the public.Item Metadata only Against Commodification: The University, Cognitive Capitalism and Emergent Technologies(Brill, 2015) Hall, Richard; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-Item Open Access Artificial Intelligence Ethics Guidelines for Developers and Users: Clarifying their Content and Normative Implications.(Emerald, 2020-06-10) Ryan, Mark; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-There has been a significant amount of research done on the ethical consequences of artificial intelligence (AI). This is reflected by the works published across academia, policy and the media. Many of these aim to provide guidance to particular stakeholder groups. It has recently been shown that there is a large degree of convergence in terms of the principles upon which these guidelines are based. Despite this convergence, it is not always clear how these principles are to be translated into practice. In this paper, we move beyond the high-level ethical principles that are common across the AI ethics guidance literature and provide a description of the normative content that is covered by these principles. The outcome is a comprehensive compilation of normative requirements arising from existing guidance documents. This is required for a deeper theoretical understanding of AI ethics, but also for the creation of practical and implementable guidance for developers and users of AI.Item Metadata only Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future(Springer, 2021) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-This open access book proposes a novel approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI) ethics. AI offers many advantages: better and faster medical diagnoses, improved business processes and efficiency, and the automation of boring work. But undesirable and ethically problematic consequences are possible too: biases and discrimination, breaches of privacy and security, and societal distortions such as unemployment, economic exploitation and weakened democratic processes. There is even a prospect, ultimately, of super-intelligent machines replacing humans. The key question, then, is: how can we benefit from AI while addressing its ethical problems? This book presents an innovative answer to the question by presenting a different perspective on AI and its ethical consequences. Instead of looking at individual AI techniques, applications or ethical issues, we can understand AI as a system of ecosystems, consisting of numerous interdependent technologies, applications and stakeholders. Developing this idea, the book explores how AI ecosystems can be shaped to foster human flourishing. Drawing on rich empirical insights and detailed conceptual analysis, it suggests practical measures to ensure that AI is used to make the world a better place.Item Open Access Artificial intelligence for human flourishing – Beyond principles for machine learning(Elsevier, 2021) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Andreou, Andreas; Brey, Philip; Hatzakis, Tally; Kirichenko, Alexey; Macnish, Kevin; Laulhe Shaelou, Stephanie; Patel, Andrew; Ryan, Mark; Wright, DavidThe technical and economic benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) are counterbalanced by legal, social and ethical issues. It is challenging to conceptually capture and empirically measure both benefits and downsides. We therefore provide an account of the findings and implications of a multi-dimensional study of AI, comprising 10 case studies, five scenarios, an ethical impact analysis of AI, a human rights analysis of AI and a technical analysis of known and potential threats and vulnerabilities. Based on our findings, we separate AI ethics discourse into three streams: (1) specific issues related to the application of machine learning, (2) social and political questions arising in a digitally enabled society and (3) metaphysical questions about the nature of reality and humanity. Human rights principles and legislation have a key role to play in addressing the ethics of AI. This work helps to steer AI to contribute to human flourishing.Item Open Access Beyond Research Ethics: Dialogues in Neuro-ICT Research(Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2019-03-29) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Akintoye, Simisola; Guerrero, Manuel; Fothergill, B. Tyr; Ulnicane, Inga; Knight, WilliamThe increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to help facilitate neuroscience adds a new level of complexity to the question of how ethical issues of such research can be identified and addressed. Current research ethics practice, based on ethics reviews by institutional review boards (IRB) and underpinned by ethical principlism, has been widely criticized. In this article, we develop an alternative way of approaching ethics in neuro-ICT research, based on discourse ethics, which implements Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) through dialogues. We draw on our work in Ethics Support, using the Human Brain Project (HBP) as empirical evidence of the viability of this approach.Item Open Access Brain simulation as a cloud service: The Virtual Brain on EBRAINS(Elsevier, 2022-02-04) Schirner, Michael; et al.; Akintoye, Simisola; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-The Virtual Brain (TVB) is now available as open-source services on the cloud research platform EBRAINS (ebrains.eu). It offers software for constructing, simulating and analysing brain network models including the TVB simulator; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) processing pipelines to extract structural and functional brain networks; combined simulation of large-scale brain networks with small-scale spiking networks; automatic con- version of user-specified model equations into fast simulation code; simulation-ready brain models of patients and healthy volunteers; Bayesian parameter optimization in epilepsy patient models; data and software for mouse brain simulation; and extensive educational material. TVB cloud services facilitate reproducible online collabo- ration and discovery of data assets, models, and software embedded in scalable and secure workflows, a precondition for research on large cohort data sets, better generalizability, and clinical translation.Item Metadata only Can business ethics be helpful dealing with ethical problems of business information technology? How the notion of responsibility can mediate between business ethics and BIT.(International Information Management Association, 2002) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-Item Metadata only CCTV identity management and implications for criminal justice: some considerations.(Surveillance Studies Network, 2008) Carroll-Mayer, M.; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Fairweather, N. Ben, 1966-Item Open Access Civil Society Organisations in Research: A Literature-based Typology(2016-12-26) Rainey, Stephen; Wakunuma, Kutoma; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-This article explores literatures from various sources to highlight and understand differences among key players surrounding the perceived nature and role of civil society in research from different literature streams. Including civil society organisations (CSOs) in research activities is an integral part of a broad drive towards integration of science and society. Interest in CSO inclusion in research is widespread, but lacks a coherent focus and clarity on what CSOs are. Without this clarity, CSO-inclusive research, or policy, may be ineffective. This article addresses this gap in knowledge by presenting findings from an exploration of academic, policy and research project literature in order to come to a view on CSOs in research. This culminates in a typology of CSOs and provides a means of identifying types of CSOs. The typology shows four main types of CSO (Common cause, Shared voice, Research-oriented, Commercially-oriented) and provides a definition for each type, along with a basis for the definition; an example of each; some typical terminology; typical area of activity; properties; typical mission; key areas of interest and their ‘action logic’ in research.Item Open Access Cloud computing as an emerging technology and its associated ethical issues: Experiences that may be shared between Europe and Africa.(2011) Wakunuma, Kutoma; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Ikonen, VeikkoThis paper will look at research results so far realised from an EU project that has been looking at identifying emerging technologies and their potential related ethical issues. In keeping with the thematic priorities of the conference, the paper will focus on Cloud Computing; one of the projects identified technologies, in relation to its potential benefits and potential ethical issues for would be users, especially in the area of business. As findings stem from an EU project mainly concentrating on the EU, the paper will look at benefits and ethical issues of such an emerging technology basing the results on a more general level. However, the paper will also pay particular attention to Africa by looking at implications of Cloud Computing on Africa. This is in order to understand potential commonalities and cross-overs that may result from the adoption and use of Cloud Computing between the two geographical spheres as well as to understand, share and learn of potential ethical consequences which may to a certain extent be different due to different circumstances between the more developed EU and the still developing African continent.Item Open Access Critical Discourse Analysis as a Review Methodology: An Empirical Example(Association for Information Systems, 2015) Wall, Jeffrey; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Salam, A.F.Research disciplines and subdisciplines are steeped in epistemological beliefs and theoretical assumptions that guide and constrain research. These beliefs and assumptions both enable scientific inquiry and limit scientific progress. Theory and review papers tend to be a means for reproducing ideological assumptions. However, review papers can also challenge ideological assumptions through critical assessment of taken-for-granted assumptions. Critical review methods are underdeveloped in the management disciplines. The information systems (IS) discipline must do more to improve the critical examination of its scientific discourse. This paper presents a method for systematically conducting critical reviews of IS literature based on Habermasian strains of critical discourse analysis. An empirical example of the method is provided. The empirical example offers a critical review of behavioral information security research with a focus on employees’ security behaviors.Item Open Access A Critical Perspective of Engagement in Online Health Communities(Taylor and Francis, 2019-05-30) Hur, Inkyoung; Cousins, Karlene; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-Many individuals go to online health communities to obtain emotional and information support. We employ critical discourse analysis (CDA) to examine the discourse in five online childhood immunization forums to identify online practices related to engagement and emancipation. We identify four online engagement discourse types in online health communities: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and political. Consistent with our critical perspective, we identify drivers and obstacles to emancipation. The obstacles to emancipation include the adverse consequences of building online knowledge and collective intelligence, shifts in patient-physician relationships, and “Big” institutional power. Members’ suggestions for empowering community members include encouraging members to conduct their own research on childhood immunization and to differentiate between facts and opinions. These findings suggest that sensemaking is one way to emancipate online health community members, while highlighting the challenges of using online communities to promote emancipation.Item Metadata only Critical Theory as an Approach to the Ethics of Information Security(Elsevier, 2014) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Doherty, N. F.; Shaw, M.; Janicke, HelgeItem Metadata only Cultural universality versus particularity in CMC.(Ivy League Publishing, 2004) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Elbeltagi, I.Item Metadata only Current and future state of ICT deployment and utilization in healthcare: an analysis of cross-cultural ethical issues.(Information Science Reference, 2007) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Kashmeery, A.; Rogerson, Simon