Browsing by Author "Stacey, Martin"
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Item Metadata only Adaptation of sources of inspiration in knitwear design.(Lawrence Erlbaum Associates / Routledge, 2003-12-01) Eckert, Claudia; Stacey, MartinIn an experimental study of designing by adaptation, professional and student knitwear designers were videotaped designing sweaters based on a Persian rug or a nineteenth century tapestry. The designers used a range of source-triggered and goal-directed adaptation strategies, to create adaptations ranging from the closest possible translations into the medium to radical transformations of abstract characteristics. While each strategy sometimes led to each type of adaptation, the source-triggered strategies were predominant for the easy-to-adapt source (the rug) and typically led to close adaptations; while the goal-directed strategies were more common for the more difficult source (the tapestry), and more often led to more radical transformations of the source. The professional designers made more use of goal-directed strategies than the student designers. The study supports the view that creative behaviour can usefully be described in terms of consistent patterns resulting from both task demands and from cognitive capacities and learned skills.Item Open Access Against ambiguity(Springer, 2003-06-01) Stacey, Martin; Eckert, ClaudiaThis paper argues that the widespread belief that ambiguity is beneficial in design communication stems from conceptual confusion. Communicating imprecise, uncertain and provisional ideas is a vital part of design teamwork, but what is uncertain and provisional needs to be expressed as clearly as possible. Understanding what uncertainty information designers can and should communicate, and how, is an urgent task for research. Viewing design communication as conveying permitted spaces for further designing is a useful rationalisation for understanding what designers need from their notations and computer tools, to achieve clear communication of uncertain ideas. The paper presents a typology of ways that designs can be uncertain. It discusses how sketches and other representations of designs can be both intrinsically ambiguous, and ambiguous or misleading by failing to convey information about uncertainty and provisionality, with reference to knitwear design, where communication using inadequate representations causes severe problems. It concludes that systematic use of meta-notations for conveying provisionality and uncertainty can reduce these problems.Item Open Access Ambiguity is a double-edged sword: Similarity references in communication.(Design Society, 2003-08-19) Eckert, Claudia; Stacey, Martin; Earl, ChristopherDesigners often explain new concepts and new ideas by reference to existing designs. This is parsimonious, as it only requires a pointer to the referent and a description of the modifications. Such descriptions can be extremely powerful, expressing the entire context of a design or a process in a few words. However similarity assertions are inherently ambiguous, because they depend not only on the description but also on the intention behind the similarity comparison. In this paper we attempt to analyse the effect that the ambiguity of similarity references has on communication and idea generation in design. The reinterpretation of a similarity assertion can be extremely creative, where ambiguity allows for new interpretations of a problem. At the same time, it can make accurate communication extremely difficult because every assertion can be interpreted differently unless the context is fully shared.Item Metadata only Change as little as possible: Creativity in design by modification.(Taylor and Francis, 2012) Eckert, Claudia; Stacey, Martin; Wyatt, D.; Garthwaite, P.Item Open Access Comparative study of design with application to engineering design.(Design Society, 2005) Earl, Christopher; Eckert, Claudia; Bucciarelli, Louis; Whitney, Daniel; Knight, Terry; Stacey, Martin; Blackwell, Alan; Macmillan, Sebastian; Clarkson, P. JohnA recent exploratory study examines design processes across domains and compares them. This is achieved through a series of interdisciplinary, participative workshops. A systematic framework is used to collect data from expert witnesses who are practising designers across domains from engineering through architecture to product design and fashion, including film production, pharmaceutical drugs, food, packaging, graphics and multimedia and software. Similarities and differences across domains are described which indicate the types of comparative analysis we have been able to do from our data. The paper goes further and speculates on possible lessons for selected areas of engineering design which can be drawn from comparison with processes in other domains. As such this comparative design study offers the potential for improving engineering design processes. More generally it is a first step in creating a discipline of comparative design which aims to provide a new rich picture of design processes.Item Embargo Constraints and Conditions: Drivers for Design Processes(Springer, 2014) Eckert, Claudia; Stacey, MartinItem Open Access Continuous Stress Monitoring under Varied Demands Using Unobtrusive Devices(Taylor & Francis, 2019-07-22) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinThis research aims to identify a feasible model to predict a learner’s stress in an online learning platform. It is desirable to produce a cost-effective, unobtrusive and objective method to measure a learner’s emotions. The few signals produced by mouse and keyboard could enable such solution to measure real world individual’s affective states. It is also important to ensure that the measurement can be applied regardless the type of task carried out by the user. This preliminary research proposes a stress classification method using mouse and keystroke dynamics to classify the stress levels of 190 university students when performing three different e-learning activities. The results show that the stress measurement based on mouse and keystroke dynamics is consistent with the stress measurement according to the changes of duration spent between two consecutive questions. The feedforward back-propagation neural network achieves the best performance in the classification.Item Open Access Design as playing games of make-believe(Cambridge University Press, 2020-04-01) Poznic, Michael; Stacey, Martin; Hillerbrand, Rafaela; Eckert, ClaudiaDesigning complex products involves working with uncertainties as the product, the requirements and the environment in which it is used co-evolve, and designers and external stakeholders make decisions that affect the evolving design. Rather than being held back by uncertainty, designers work, cooperate and communicate with each other notwithstanding these uncertainties by making assumptions to carry out their own tasks. To explain this, the paper proposes an adaptation of Kendall Walton’s make-believe theory, to conceptualize designing as playing games of make-believe by inferring what is required and imagining what is possible given the current set of assumptions and decisions, while knowing these are subject to change. What one is allowed and encouraged to imagine, conclude or propose is governed by socially agreed rules and constraints. The paper uses jet engine component design as an example to illustrate how different design teams make assumptions at the beginning of design activities and negotiate what can and cannot be done with the design. This often involves iteration – repeating activities under revised sets of assumptions. As assumptions are collectively revised they become part of a new game of make-believe in the sense that there is social agreement that the decisions constitute part of the constraints that govern what can legitimately be inferred about the design or added to it.Item Open Access Designing Learning Management System to Encourage ELearning Sustainability(Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 2013) Lim, Yee Mei; Chee, Keh Niang; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinMany universities have been employing Learning Management System (LMS) in their educational programs for many years. However, sustaining the e-learning environment has become a great challenge for these institutes. Although there was much research conducted to study the success factors of a LMS, understanding the impact of user interface, navigation and usability designs, which may affect the user experience in virtual learning environment, is equally important. It is suggested that during the design stage the instructor should plan and structure the resources to assure interactions that assist in the transfer of skills and knowledge. In addition we can use tools such as email, chat rooms, and discussion boards to provide learners the opportunities to interact and add a new level of depth into their learning. It is also necessary to conduct a complete series of evaluations for testing the accuracy, effectiveness and clarity of the e-learning system. Therefore this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness and clarity of LMS design to encourage e-learning sustainability. We investigate the effectiveness of the LMS in assisting knowledge transfer and interactivity in the virtual learning environment, based on three areas: navigation design, user interface design and usability of the discussion board. An online questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data from students and instructors regarding their experiences with the LMS, and their satisfaction levels in these three areas, as well as to suggest areas of improvements.Item Embargo Designing the constraints: Creation exercises for framing the design context(CRC Press / Balkema, 2017) Eckert, Claudia; Stacey, MartinDeveloping an understanding of a design problem by exploring the context in which the new product will be marketed and used is often a crucial part of the design process but has been little studied outside the fashion and textiles industries. A user experience design team in a European car company sought to understand the interests and values of potential Chinese customers by carrying out a co-creation exercise with a set of representative Chinese consumers, in order to understand how to design accessory products and services for them. This paper compares the co-creation exercise, which produced accounts of the consumers’ values in verbal narrative form, to the constraint gathering research phase of artistic design processes, which typically produce sets of constraints, usable design features and desirable emergent properties to express the space of possible designs in visuospatial form as mood boards.Item Embargo Detecting Cognitive Stress from Keyboard and Mouse Dynamics during Mental Arithmetic(IEEE, 2014-08-27) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinMuch research has been done to detect human emotion using various computational methods, such as physiological measures and facial expression recognition. These methods are effective but they could be expensive or intrusive as special setups of equipment are needed. Some researchers have utilized nonintrusive methods by using mouse or keyboard analyses and presented comparable effectiveness in detecting human emotion. This paper investigates how both keyboard and mouse features can be combined to detect human stress, particularly cognitive stress induced by time pressure and mental arithmetic problems. The results show that the complexity of the mental arithmetic problem and time pressure affect user behaviour, mouse behaviour and keyboard behaviour significantly. This indicates that automatic analysis of human stress from keyboard and mouse input is potentially useful for providing adaptation in interactive systems such as an e-learning system.Item Open Access Detecting Emotional Stress during Typing Task with Time Pressure(IEEE, 2014-08-27) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinAutomated stress detection is important in developing adaptive e-learning systems. Empirical evidence suggests that mouse dynamics and keyboard dynamics analyses can be both effective in user behaviour modelling as well as emotion detection compared to physiological measures and facial expression recognitions, and yet they are far less expensive and considered non-intrusive. This paper investigates how mouse dynamics and keyboard dynamics can be affected by emotional stress, particularly stress induced by time pressure, text length and language familiarity. Our research findings show that longer text and unfamiliar language raise users’ stress perceptions. Demanding job such as long typing task could result in anomalous behaviours once the users have lost motivation. Language familiarity mainly affects keyboard behaviour but text length change mouse behaviour. This shows that there is a good potential of developing an adaptive e-learning system by detecting learners’ emotional stress from keyboard and mouse input.Item Open Access The Digital Network of Networks: Regulatory Risk and Policy Challenges of Vaccine Passports(Cambridge University Press, 2021-07-12) Wilford, S.; McBride, Neil; Brooks, Laurence; Eke, Damian; Akintoye, Sinmisola; Owoseni, Adebowale; Leach, Tonii; Flick, Catherine; Fisk, Malcolm; Stacey, MartinThe extensive disruption to and digital transformation of travel administration across borders largely due to COVID-19 mean that digital vaccine passports are being developed to resume international travel and kick-start the global economy. Currently, a wide range of actors are using a variety of different approaches and technologies to develop such a system. This paper considers the techno-ethical issues raised by the digital nature of vaccine passports and the application of leading-edge technologies such as blockchain in developing and deploying them. We briefly analyse four of the most advanced systems – IBM’s Digital Health Passport “Common Pass,” the International Air Transport Association’s Travel Pass, the Linux Foundation Public Health’s COVID-19 Credentials Initiative and the Vaccination Credential Initiative (Microsoft and Oracle) – and then consider the approach being taken for the EU Digital COVID Certificate. Each of these raises a range of issues, particularly relating to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the need for standards and due diligence in the application of innovative technologies (eg blockchain) that will directly challenge policymakers when attempting to regulate within the network of networks.Item Embargo The Effects of Menu Design on Users’ Emotions, Search Performance and Mouse Behaviour(IEEE, 2014-08-18) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinOne should not ignore the fact that affect (or emotion) plays an important role in cognition and learning. For instance, badly designed interface brings negative impact on user’s performance if the user does not find enjoyment in his or her overall experience with the system. Automatic analyses of user behaviour in adaptive e-learning system development is important and it would be good to have an effective yet flexible computation metrics to learn user’s emotion, so that necessary adaptation could be provided to enhance user experience. The introduction of keyboard and mouse analyses shed a light to the development of a non-intrusive and inexpensive automated emotion detection method, as these peripherals are part of the computer system. This research investigates the effects of menu design on users’ emotion, search task performance and their mouse behaviours. The results show that the effects of menu design on users’ search task performance and their mouse behaviours are statistically significant. Menu design factors do affect users’ emotions, which they feel uncomfortable with bad combination of colours, smaller font size, text without code, abbreviated text, use of ambiguous term, random display and the need to scroll. However, their discomfort with the bad menu design does not necessarily affect their search job performance.Item Metadata only The Effects of Task Demand and External Stimuli on Learner's Stress Perception and Job Performance(Springer, 2017) Lim, Y.M.; Tan, Li Peng; Stacey, Martin; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-Over the past decades, research in affective learning has begun to take emotions into account, which advocates an education system that is sentient of learner’s cognitive and affective states, as learners’ performance could be affected by emotional factors. This exploratory research examines the impacts of mental arithmetic demand and external stimuli on learner’s stress perception and job performance. External stimuli include time pressure and displays of countdown timer and clock on an online assessment system. Experiments are conducted on five different groups of undergraduate students, with a total of 160 of them from a higher learning institution. The results show that the impacts are significant. Correlations between task demand, external stimuli, learner’s stress and job performance are also significant.Item Open Access The Effects of Task Demand and External Stimuli on Learner's Stress Perception and Performance(Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 2016-10-17) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, Martin; Tan, Li PengOver the past decades, research in e-learning has begun to take emotions into account, which is also known as affective learning. It advocates an education system that is sentient of learner's cognitive and affective states, as learners' performance could be affected by emotional factors. This exploratory research examines the impacts of task demand and external stimuli on learner's stress perception and job performance. Experiments are conducted on 160 undergraduate students from a higher learning institution. The results show that the impacts are significant.Item Metadata only The Effects of Typing Demand on Emotional Stress, Mouse and Keystroke Behaviours(Springer International Publishing, 2015) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinPast research found that cognitive effort is related to emotion, which negative emotion may influence task performance. To enhance learning experience, it is important to have an effective technique to measure user’s emotional and motivational affects for designing an adaptive e-learning system, rather than using a subjective method that is less reliable and accurate. Keystroke and mouse dynamics analyses shed light on a better automated emotion recognition method as compared to physiological methods, as they are cheaper, non-invasive and can be easily set up. This research shows that unification of mouse and keyboard dynamics analyses could be useful in detecting emotional stress, particularly stress induced by time pressure, text length and language familiarity. The changes of mouse and keystroke behaviours of the students are found cohere with their task performance and stress perception. However anomalies in mouse and keystroke behaviours present when the students are pushed beyond their capabilities.Item Open Access The effects of typing demand on learner's Motivation/Attitude-driven Behaviour (MADB) model with mouse and keystroke behaviours(IEEE, 2017-07) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinIt would be desirable to have an automated means of assessing a learner's motivation and stress levels in an e-learning system, which would give impact on his or her learning performance. This preliminary research examines the effects of typing task demand on Motivation/Attitude-driven Behavior (MADB) model. The model is adapted from what was proposed by Wang [1], which is used to describe how the motivation process drives human behaviours and actions, and how the attitude and decision-making process help to regulate and determine the action to be taken by the learner. The effects of typing demand are tested on learners' stress perceptions, motivation, attitudes, decision, as well as their mouse and keystroke behaviours. The typing demand is varied by the pre-defined text length and language familiarity. The results of Multivariate Analysis of Variance and correlation tests are generally congruent with the MADB model proposed by Wang, but with minor difference. We also found that a learner's behaviour is significantly correlated to his or her mouse and keystroke behaviours. A revised version of MADB model based on e-learning environment is proposed.Item Open Access Elements of a design method – a basis for describing and evaluating design methods(Cambridge University Press, 2022-12-05) Gericke, Kilian; Eckert, Claudia; Stacey, MartinMethod development is at the heart of design research as methods are a formalised way to express knowledge about how aspects of design could or should be done. However, assuring that methods are in fact used in industry has remained a challenge. Industry will only use methods that they can understand and that they feel will give them benefit reliably. To understand the challenges involved in adopting a method, the method needs to be seen in context: it does not exist in isolation but forms a part of an ecosystem of methods for tackling related design problems. A method depends on the knowledge and skills of the practitioners using it: while a description of a method is an artefact that is a formalisation of engineering knowledge, a method in use constitutes a socio-technical system depending on the interaction of human participants with each other as well as with the description of the method, representations of design information and, often, tools for carrying out the method's tasks. This paper argues that crucial factors in the adoption of methods include how well they are described and how convincingly they are evaluated. The description of a method should cover its core idea, the representations in which design information is described, the procedure to be followed, its intended use, and the tools it uses. The account of a method's intended use should cover its purpose, the situations or product types within its scope, its coverage of kinds of problems within its scope, its expected benefit, and conditions for its use. The different elements need to be evaluated separately as well as the method as an integrated whole. While verification and validation are important for some elements of methods, it is rarely possible to prove the validity of a method. Rather the developers of methods need to gather sufficient evidence that a method will work within a clearly articulated scope. Most design methods do not have binary success criteria, and their usefulness in practice depends as much on simplicity and usability as on the outcomes they produce. Evaluation should focus on how well they work, and how they can be customised and improved.Item Embargo Exploring Direct Learning Instruction and External Stimuli Effects on Learner's States and Mouse/Keystroke Behaviours(IEEE, 2016-08-23) Lim, Yee Mei; Ayesh, Aladdin, 1972-; Stacey, MartinA modern Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) should be sentient of learner's cognitive and affective states, as learner’s performance could be affected by motivational and emotional factors. It is important to design a low-cost and unobtrusive computational method for ITS to determine learner's states automatically. The automated learner's data sensing is useful in the development of personalized e-learning that can adapt learning content according to individual's emotion. Although many past findings relate stressor such as task demand to learner's emotion, however there is a lack of existing studies that examine the impact of stressor on learners’ cognitive states and their mouse and keystroke dynamics. This exploratory research, conducted on 160 undergraduate students, found that the impacts of direct learning instruction and external stress stimuli, such as timer display, on learner's cognitive and affective states are significant. The correlations between direct instruction, external stimuli, learners’ cognitive and affective states, as well as their mouse and keystroke behaviours are also significant.
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