Browsing by Author "Smith, Edward"

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    Biotechnology for textile coloration and surface pattern
    (The Emperor’s New Clothes, 2016-09) Prajapati, Chetna; Smith, Edward; Kane, Faith; Shen, Jinsong
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    Chemical recycling of hemp waste textiles via the ionic liquid based dry-jet-wet spinning technology
    (Sage, 2022-12-18) Rissanen, Marja; Schlapp-Hackl, Inge; Sawada, Daisuke; Raiskio, Susanna; Ojha, Krishna; Smith, Edward; Sixta, Herbert
    The chemical recycling of hemp fabric into high-tenacity man-made cellulose fibres was demonstrated. The fabric was laundered 25 and 50 times to mimic the wear cycles of post-consumer textile waste. Despite the launderings, the molar mass of the material was still too high for recycling via dry-jet-wet spinning. Thus, the fabrics were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to adjust the intrinsic viscosity to the targeted level of 400–500 ml/g. The acid hydrolysed sample was dissolved in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate and man-made cellulose fibres were regenerated by dry-jet-wet spinning. The properties of hemp and regenerated fibres were determined by tensile testing, birefringence measurements, and X-ray diffraction. Regenerated fibres were spun into yarn and knitted into a fabric. The tensile properties of the yarn and the abrasion and pilling resistance of the fabric were determined. Regenerated fibres showed a higher modulus of toughness (55.9 MPa) compared with hemp fibres (28.7 MPa). The fineness and staple length uniformity of regenerated fibres resulted in a high yarn structure evenness, a yarn tenacity of 28.1 cN/tex, and an elongation at break of 7.5%. Due to the even fabric structure, the fabric from regenerated fibres showed higher abrasion resistance than the hemp fabric.
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    Comparison of antimicrobial textile treatments
    (2007-07-16) Williams, J. T.; Painter, P.; Smith, Edward; Walsh, Susannah E.
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    Comparison of antimicrobial textile treatments.
    (Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010) Smith, Edward; Williams, J. T.; Walsh, Susannah E.; Painter, P.
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    Covalent bonding of protease to different sized enteric polymers and their potential use in wool processing.
    (Elsevier, 2010) Smith, Edward; Schroeder, M.; Guebitz, G.; Shen, Jinsong
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    The development of a bio-scouring process for raw wool using protease
    (Trans Tech publications, 2012) Smith, Edward; Zhang, Q.; Farrand, B.; Kokol, V.; Shen, Jinsong
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    The development of a bio-scouring process for raw wool using protease
    (2011) Smith, Edward; Zhang, Q.; Farrand, B.; Kokol, V.; Shen, Jinsong
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    Development of a Manual Measurement Device for Measuring Hallux Valgus Angle in Patients with Hallux Valgus
    (MDPI, 2022-07-26) Li, Guoli; Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward; Patel, Chetna
    Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is one of the most common forefoot deformities, and its prevalence increases with age. HV has been associated with poor foot function, difficulty in fitting footwear and poor health-related quality of life. The aims of this study were to design and develop an easy-to-use measurement device for measuring hallux valgus angle (HVA) in patients with HV and to assess the measurement reliability of the newly designed measurement device. Methods: A manual measurement device for measuring HVA was designed and developed to test on patients with HV. Two measuring methods, i.e., test–retest and intra-observer measurements, were used to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of the newly designed measurement device. In the test–retest measurements, a total of 42 feet from 26 patients with HV were repeatedly measured by the same researcher using the manual measurement device every 3 weeks over a period of 12 months. The measurement reliability of the newly designed measurement device was analysed based on the collected HVA data. In the intra-observer measurements, a total of 22 feet from the same group of HV patients were measured by the same researcher using the manual measurement device and by a consultant using X-ray measurement for comparison. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the correlation of measurements between the manual measurement device and X-ray measurement. Results: The mean of the difference between the two repeat measurements of HVA using the newly designed manual device was 0.62°, and the average of ICC was 0.995, which indicates excellent reliability. The ICC between X-ray and the average of twice-repeated manual measurements was 0.868, with 95% CI (0.649, 0.947) (p = 0.000). When the relationship in HVA between X-ray measurement and manual measurement using the new device was regressed as a linear relationship, the regression equation was y = 1.13x - 4.76 (R2 = 0.70). Conclusions: The newly designed measurement device is easy to use, with low-cost and excellent reliability for HVA measurement, with the potential for use in clinical practice.
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    Development of Durable Shrink-resist Coating of Wool with Sol-gel Polymer Processing
    (Springer, 2017-09-27) Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward; Chizyuka, Mutinta; Prajapati, Chetna
    Knitted wool fabric was pre-treated with the serine type protease, Esperase 8.0L (EC3.4.21.62), and sodium sulphite followed by an immersion treatment with a sol-gel hybrid polymer. To enhance the durability of the sol-gel treatment on wool, one of two different alkoxysilane containing coupling epoxy or mercapto groups were added to the sol-gel hybrid. The combination of protease treatment with an immersion sol-gel treatment achieved wool fabric that was lightweight with a soft handle and had combined shrink-resistance and hydrophobic properties without fibre discoloration. The addition of an alkoxysilane with a mercapto coupling group within the sol-gel hybrid gave better performance than using an alkoxysilane with an epoxy coupling group in terms of polymer uptake, fabric shrink resistance, whiteness and durability to washing.
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    Development of functional surface coatings of wool fibre using sol gel or extracted protein resin
    (2008) Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward; Farrand, B.; Zhang, Q.
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    The development of sol-gel based hybrid polymers to achieve multifunctional textile fabric surface coating
    (2013) Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward; Chizyuka, M.; Walsh, Susannah E.; Martinková, L.
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    Enzymatic coloration and finishing of wool with laccase and polyethylenimine
    (Sage, 2017-06-15) Yuan, Mengli; Wang, Qiang; Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward; Bai, Rubing; Fan, Xuerong
    Enzymes have been widely used in the textile wet processing. The precise reaction specificity of an enzyme has been utilised for specific or targeted textile finishing without causing undesirable fibre damage. Laccases are important enzymes for their application in textile processing due to their great versatility and capability of catalysing the oxidation of a broad range of substrates. The investigation of laccase-catalysed coloration towards either wool or polyethylenimine was carried out. It is understood that amino groups from wool and polyethylenimine are involved in the formation of polymeric colour during laccase catalysation of catechin and gallic acid. The colour depth and shrink-resistance of wool can be improved significantly by incorporating a multi-primary amine compound, such as polyethylenimine, and a crosslinking agent, such as glycerol diglycidyl ether, in the enzymatic coloration process of wool. This demonstrated the potential to achieve combined coloration and shrink-resistant finishing for wool fabrics.
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    Enzymatic treatments for sustainable textile processing
    (Woodhead Publishing Ltd, England, 2015) Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward
    Enzyme-based biotechnology could provide environmentally friendly processes to be applied in the textile industry. This chapter reviews enzymatic processing methods currently used as an alternative to replace conventional textile wet processing. The use of enzymes in textile surface design to achieve unique surface patterning has also been explored. The environmental impact of the use of enzymes in the textile processing in comparison to conventional processing has been discussed. There is a bright future for enzyme-based biotechnology to be implemented in the textile industry and to make a contribution to textile sustainability.
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    Enzyme catalysed coloration and surface patterning
    (2017-09) Prajapati, Chetna; Shen, Jinsong; Smith, Edward
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    Enzyme Catalysed Coloration and Surface Patterning
    (World Textile Information Network, 2017-01) Prajapati, Chetna; Smith, Edward; Kane, Faith; Shen, Jinsong
    COLORATION IS AN important process in textile finishing, which is commonly used to enhance the appearance and attractiveness of a cloth. Conventional textile coloration methods and techniques employed to create surface patterning through dyeing and printing systems are known to have a negative impact on the environment due to their resource intensive production processes. 1, 2 The adoption of an alternative approach using enzymes could potentially offer processes with improved environmental sustainable qualities by eliminating the inherent drawbacks associated with chemical processes. 3 Enzymes are highly specific biocatalysts, that can operate under mild processing conditions, therefore, reducing not only the consumption of chemicals, energy and water, but also the subsequent generation of effluent waste. Furthermore, enzymes are biodegradable and offer the possibility of recycling. The application of enzymes for textile wet processing have been examined widely. Desizing, bio-scouring, bio-polishing and bleach clean-up using enzymes have become well established industrially. However, only limited work has been carried out on the application of enzymes for textile surface design. Enzymes, protease and laccase, were used in this study as innovative biotechnology-based textile design tools for textile coloration and surface patterning.
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    Enzyme processing technology to generate textile surface patterning
    (Transition: Re-thinking Textiles and Surfaces, 2014) Prajapati, Chetna; Smith, Edward; Kane, Faith; Shen, Jinsong
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    Enzyme-based biotechnology for textile coloration and surface pattern
    (2018-07-23) Shen, Jinsong; Prajapati, Chetna; Smith, Edward; Kane, Faith
    Coloration is an important process in textile finishing, which is commonly used to enhance the appearance and attractiveness of a fabric. Conventional textile coloration methods and techniques employed to create surface patterning through dyeing and printing systems are known to have a negative impact on the environment due to their resource intensive production processes. The adoption of an alternative approach using enzymes (bio-catalysts) could potentially offer processes with improved environmental sustainability by eliminating the inherent drawbacks associated with chemical processes. Enzymes, laccase and protease were used in this study as innovative biotechnology-based textile design tools. Two enzymatic based processes were investigated to achieve textile coloration and or decorative surface patterning of fabric as an alternative to conventional chemical processes. The study demonstrates the ability of laccase, through controlled application, to produce innovative coloration of wool and polyamide textile materials, and the enzyme protease to selectively modify wool blended fabrics to impart innovative decorative surface effects through fibre modification and degradation. Both processes offer important advantages over conventional processing methods, which use simpler and milder operating conditions that eliminate additional chemical use and reduce energy consumption.
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    Enzyme-based Biotechnology for Textile Coloration and Surface Patterning
    (2018-06-20) Shen, Jinsong; Prajapati, Chetna; Smith, Edward; Kane, Faith
    Textile wet processing, including preparation, coloration and finishing, significantly improves the performance of textile materials and apparel. However, conventional textile processes consume large quantities of water, energy and chemicals. As there is an increasing demand for sustainable textile materials and apparel, a major challenge ahead for textile manufacturing is to improve textile wet processing by replacing harmful chemicals and reducing the consumption of water and energy. Extensive research efforts have been made to develop enzymatic bioprocesses as alternatives to replace conventional textile processing methods. Laccases (oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) have become important enzymes for their application in textile processing due to their great versatility and capability of catalysing the oxidation of a broad substrate spectrum. Laccase is capable of catalysing the polymerisation of simple aromatic compounds to create polymeric colorants useful for textile fibre coloration. The use of laccase offers an attractive alternative method of coloration, with potential economic and environmental benefits. The current study demonstrates the ability of laccase, through controlled application, to produce innovative coloration of wool and nylon textile materials. A range of colours can be achieved through the alteration of processing conditions of the in-situ enzymatic coloration process used. The use of different fibre types and weave structures enabled simple colour variations to be produced with unique shadow, reserve and contrasting effects.