Browsing by Author "Shaw, John J"

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    Does Autism Affect Children’s Identification of Ownership and Defence of Ownership Rights?
    (Springer, 2021-01-25) Hartley, Calum; Harrison, Nina; Shaw, John J
    This study investigated how autism spectrum disorder (ASD) impacts children’s ability to identify ownership from linguistic cues (proper nouns vs. possessive pronouns) and their awareness of ownership rights. In comparison to typically developing (TD) children matched on receptive language (M age equivalents: 53–56 months), children with ASD were less accurate at tracking owner-object relationships based on possessive pronouns and were less accurate at identifying the property of third parties. We also found that children with ASD were less likely to defend their own and others’ ownership rights. We hypothesise that these results may be attributed to differences in representing the self and propose that ASD may be characterised by reduced concern for ownership and associated concepts.
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    Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information
    (Experimental Psychology Society, 2020-04) Shaw, John J; Urgolites, Zhisen J; Monaghan, Padraic
    Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, with sleep strengthening associations between item and context. However, the fidelity of the representation is currently underexplored. Experiments 1a and 1b tested effects of sleep on binding objects and scenes, and Experiments 2-3 tested binding of actions and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For object-scene composites sleep did improve recognition compared to an equivalent period of wake. For action-scene composites, there was no significant effect observed, with recognition at chance level, suggesting issues with initial encoding. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.
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    Embedding open and reproducible science into teaching: A bank of lesson plans and resources
    (American Psychological Association, 2021-11) Shaw, John J; Pownall, Madeleine; Azevedo, Flavio; Aldoh, Alaa; Elsherif, Mahmoud; Vasilev, Martin; Pennington, Charlotte R.; Robertson, Olly; Vel Tromp, Myrthe; Liu, Meng; Makel, Matthew C.; Tonge, Natasha; Moreau, David; Horry, Ruth; Tzavella, Loukia; Ronan, McGarrigle; Talbot, Catherine; FORRT; Parsons, Sam
    Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on embedding open and reproducible approaches into research. One essential step in accomplishing this larger goal is to embed such practices into undergraduate and postgraduate research training. However, this often requires substantial time and resources to implement. Also, while many pedagogical resources are regularly developed for this purpose, they are not often openly and actively shared with the wider community. The creation and public sharing of open educational resources is useful for educators who wish to embed open scholarship and reproducibility into their teaching and learning. In this article, we describe and openly share a bank of teaching resources and lesson plans on the broad topics of open scholarship, open science, replication, and reproducibility that can be integrated into taught courses, to support educators and instructors. These resources were created as part of the Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science (SIPS) hackathon at the 2021 Annual Conference, and we detail this collaborative process in the article. By sharing these open pedagogical resources, we aim to reduce the labour required to develop and implement open scholarship content to further the open scholarship and open educational materials movement.
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    Hemispheric processing of memory is affected by sleep
    (Elsevier, 2016-05-21) Monaghan, Padraic; Shaw, John J; Ashworth-Lord, Anneliese; Newbury, Chloe
    Sleep is known to affect learning and memory, but the extent to which it influences behavioural processing in the left and right hemispheres of the brain is as yet unknown. We tested two hypotheses about lateralised effects of sleep on recognition memory for words: whether sleep reactivated recent experiences of words promoting access to the long-term store in the left hemisphere (LH), and whether sleep enhanced spreading activation differentially in semantic networks in the hemispheres. In Experiment 1, participants viewed lists of semantically related words, then slept or stayed awake for 12 h before being tested on seen, unseen but related, or unrelated words presented to the left or the right hemisphere. Sleep was found to promote word recognition in the LH, and to spread activation equally within semantic networks in both hemispheres. Experiment 2 ensured that the results were not due to time of day effects influencing cognitive performance.
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    The Impact of Sleep on the Binding of Actions, Objects and Scenes in Visual Long-Term Memory
    (BPS Cognitive Section, 2016-08) Monaghan, Padraic; Shaw, John J
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    The Impact of Sleep on the Binding of Actions,Objects and Scenes in Visual Long-Term Memory: Can repeated viewings help?
    (SARMAC XII, 2017-01) Shaw, John J; Monaghan, Padraic
    Visual Memory has a remarkable capacity for recognising scenes, objects, and actions individually. However, when required to recognise pairs (e.g., scene and object), performance drops significantly. Sleep is known to preferentially preserve declarative memory, so could it aid binding memory? Participants were assigned to a sleep or wake condition and viewed action-scene or object-scene pairs. Participants returned 12 hours later after a night's rest or a day awake for the recognition task. There was no significant difference between sleep and wake group in the action-scene task. In the object-scene task sleep did enhance binding compared to wake.
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    Lateralised sleep spindles relate to false memory generation
    (Elsevier, 2017-11-03) Shaw, John J; Monaghan, Padraic
    Sleep is known to enhance false memories: After presenting participants with lists of semantically related words, sleeping before recalling these words results in a greater acceptance of unseen “lure” words related in theme to previously seen words. Furthermore, the right hemisphere (RH) seems to be more prone to false memories than the left hemisphere (LH). In the current study, we investigated the sleep architecture associated with these false memory and lateralisation effects in a nap study. Participants viewed lists of related words, then stayed awake or slept for approximately 90 min, and were then tested for recognition of previously seen-old, unseen-new, or unseen-lure words presented either to the LH or RH. Sleep increased acceptance of unseen-lure words as previously seen compared to the wake group, particularly for RH presentations of word lists. RH lateralised stage 2 sleep spindle density relative to the LH correlated with this increase in false memories, suggesting that RH sleep spindles enhanced false memories in the RH.