Browsing by Author "Sample, Char"

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    A Cross-discipline approach to countering 4th generation espionage
    (18th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 2019) Scott, Keith; Sample, Char; Darraj, Emily
    In 2018 the UK government introduced the term ‘4th generation espionage’ to define the hybrid threats exemplified in fake news. As events occur, even seemingly benign events, the rush to report and take charge of the narrative can result in the facts being diminished, or in some cases obscured. The need to quickly and accurately assess the content suggests a role for AI/ML solutions. Before AI/ML can be applied, proper rules for training data must be considered and those rules require inputs from non-technical as well as technical disciplines. The researchers examined the rules of rhetoric, propaganda, and linguistics, then mapped these rules to the behavioural sciences first, and, the technical counterparts associated with computational linguistics and mathematics providing the framework for news story labelling. The examination of the various disciplines is discussed and how they each feed the fake news process.
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    Thoughts about a General Theory of Influence in a DIME/PMESII/ASCOP/IRC2 Model
    (Academic Conferences and Publishing International, 2019) Scott, Keith; Kodalle, Thorsten; Ormrod, Dave; Sample, Char
    The leading question of this paper is: “How would influence warfare (“iWar”) work and how can we simulate it?” The paper discusses foundational aspects of a theory and model of influence warfare by discussing a framework built along the DIME/PMESII/ASCOP dimension forming a prism with three axes. The DIME concept groups the many instruments of power a nation state can muster into four categories: Diplomacy, Information, Military and Economy. PMESII describes the operational environment in six domains: Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information and Infrastructure. ASCOPE is used in counter insurgency (COIN) environments to analyze the cultural and human environment (aka the “human terrain”) and encompasses Areas, Structures, Capabilities, Organization, People and Events. In addition, the model reflects about aspects of information collection requirements (ICR) and information capabilities requirements (ICR) - hence DIME/PMESII/ASCOP/ICR2. This model was developed from an influence wargame that was conducted in October 2018. This paper introduces basic methodical questions around model building in general and puts a special focus on building a framework for the problem space of influence/information/hybrid warfare takes its shape in. The article tries to describe mechanisms and principles in the information/influence space using cross discipline terminology (e.g. physics, chemistry and literature). On a more advanced level this article contributes to the Human, Social, Culture, Behavior (HSCB) models and community. One goal is to establish an academic, multinational and whole of government influence wargamer community. This paper introduces the idea of the perception field understood as a molecule of a story or narrative that influences an observer. This molecule can be drawn as a selection of vectors that can be built inside the DIME/PMESII/ASCOP prism. Each vector can be influenced by a shielding or shaping action. These ideas were explored in this influence wargame.