Browsing by Author "Ogoh, George"

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    Contact Tracing Apps for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Responsible Innovation Perspective
    (Springer, 2022-09-13) Ogoh, George; Akintoye, Simisola; Eke, Damian; Leach, Tonii; Ochang, Paschal; Owoseni, Adebowale; Oyeniji, Oluyinka; Stahl, Bernd Carsten
    The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about the first real opportunity to test the efficacy of the Responsible Research and Innovation framework or RRI in a global health crisis. This is in view of the bold new approaches to health research and innovation that the pandemic has paved the way for. One such approach is digital contact tracing application (CTA) and although contact tracing has been a fundamental part of infectious disease control for decades, this is the first time that this technique is being used in mobile applications. Based on a Multivocal Literature Review, the development of CTAs in four countries – France, Germany, Spain, and the UK – was assessed to understand how dimensions of RRI were operationalised. This chapter shows that although from 2011 RRI has been promoted as a governance approach for increasing societal desirability of the processes and products of science and technology, very little is known about how the framework is operationalised in a health crisis. Notwithstanding that RRI was not specifically referenced during the development of CTAs in France, the UK, Spain, and Germany, the analysis has identified some interesting linkage to this framework. It shows that although there were elements of anticipation, inclusive participation, and reflexivity, their operationalisation was inadequate, and this may have had some impact on the societal acceptance of CTAs in these countries.
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    Data Governance in International Neuroscience Research
    (Middlesex University, 2019-11-07) Ogoh, George; Eke, Damian; Akintoye, Simisola; Knight, William; Ulnicane, Inga; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-
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    Developing Capabilities for Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI)
    (Elsevier, 2023-08-12) Ogoh, George; Akintoye, Simisola; Eke, Damian; Farisco, Michele; Fernow, Josepine; Grasenick, Karin; Guerrero, Manuel; Rosemann, Achim; Salles, Arleen; Ulnicane, Inga
    This paper examines the notion of capability development through the lens of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). It describes how RRI capabilities can be promoted and developed through capacity-building activities by drawing on a reflection of the experiences of some members of the Ethics and Society team of the EU-funded Human Brain Project (HBP) who have contributed to the development of an extensive RRI capacity building programme for HBP researchers, EBRAINS research infrastructure developers and users, as well as interested external audiences. It also highlights some of the outcomes of the RRI capacity-building exercise and the challenge of assessing the impact of such activities.
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    The ethical issues of additive manufacturing
    (De Montfort University, 2020-10) Ogoh, George
    Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has brought industrial manufacturing capabilities to the desktop, allowing the seamless transition from consumer-to-manufacturer-to-retailer and enabling anyone to use the technology outside of traditionally regulated spaces. This creates new challenges for information technology governance. The potential societal risks of additive manufacturing (AM) are not well known and there is a policy vacuum on how the technology should be used responsibly. As 3D printers become mainstream and are increasingly being used in homes, garages, SME’s, educational institutions, large enterprises etc, this study explores the ethical issues promoted by the technology. Considering that 3D printing has mainly been advanced by activities of DIY hacker groups and the sharing economy, this thesis is framed in the context of users from DIY hacker collectives like hackspaces, makerspaces, and FabLabs. The research investigates the ethical concerns of experts who are closely associated with such collectives to understand the types of issues they are concerned about. The study was also an attempt to understand the implications of expert participation in knowledge-making in terms of ethics. An interpretive hermeneutic approach was followed in the collection and analysis of data from the experts that participated in this research. This approach helped the researcher to recognise how personal prejudices can be the basis of developing an understanding and to reflect critically on the cultural and historical background of 3D printing, the participants, and the researchers own historicity in a bid to derive meaning from the study. The study has found that participants were able to identify several ethical issues which have been broken down into 26 subthemes. The main themes, however, are environment, health and safety, intellectual property rights, jobs, 3D printed guns, business ethics, offensive items, data security, and liability. Nevertheless, a closer inspection of these findings also indicates that individually, the participants have limited knowledge of the societal concerns of 3D printing. For example, when participants are split into academics and SME’s to reflect their professional background, academics identified an average of 1.7 of the 26 subthemes, as opposed to an average of 3.7 issues by those from SMEs. This raises important questions about the reliability and validity of expert participation in knowledge-making for ethics-related studies. The findings also show that the hacking culture has had a double-edged effect on 3D printing. It has actively promoted the democratisation of the 3D printing by enabling anyone and everyone to participate and benefit equally. However, it has also passively promoted societal concerns by enabling the use of 3D printers in spaces outside of institutional control where ethical approval isn’t required.
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    Ethical Issues of Research Infrastructure: What are they and how can they be addressed?
    (Universidad de La Rioja, 2020-07) Eke, Damian; Akintoye, Simisola; Knight, William; Ogoh, George; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-
    E-infrastructures are emerging as novel and effective ways of increasing creativity and efficiency of research. As technological innovations, these virtual, ubiquitous, pervasive infrastructures offer possibilities of international collaborations through open, data-driven and high-quality computing environments. Particularly in Europe, the aim is to create an ecosystem of e-science where multiple disciplines converge to foster interoperable and open collaboration with the help of significant data processing and computing capacity. While most agree that these research infrastructures are crucial to scientific reproducibility and rigor, e-infrastructural literature lacks critical discussions on the ethical concerns they raise or potentially can raise. This paper argues that e-infrastructures can raise a number of ethical, legal and social concerns. Some of these relate to data privacy and data security but they also include issues around animal welfare, data bias, intellectual property rights, environmental sustainability, digital divide and other unintended uses/misuses. This paper also presents a practical way of thinking about ethics in e-infrastructures. The underlying argument here is that addressing e-infrastructure ethical issues should start from the design of the infrastructure and continue through to its lifecycle. It requires the integration of relevant ethical principles into its design to foster responsible use/application. We then propose that this can be done through the Responsible Research and Innovation approach as an ethics-by-design tool.
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    Forgotten African AI Narratives and the future of AI in Africa
    (International Review of Information Ethics, 2022-08-22) Eke, Damian; Ogoh, George
    Ancient and contemporary imaginative thoughts, stories, literary works, and beliefs about intelligent machines or otherwise known as AI narratives influence the development, implementation and governance of AI. Responsible AI therefore requires the understanding of these narratives. However, in the global AI narratives discourse, narratives of AI from Africa are missing or are often forgotten. Potentially, this has implications for how AI is or will be designed, deployed and regulated in Africa. This paper presents insights into our understanding of the reasons why Africa’s AI narratives are often missing, the implications this has for the future of AI in Africa, how the situation can be improved and the path to take to achieve responsible AI in Africa. These insights emerged following a workshop organized at Mozilla Festival 2021 and demonstrates the growing need to explore uncovered AI narratives in Africa to ensure better AI outcomes.
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    From Responsible Research and Innovation to Responsibility by Design
    (Taylor and Francis, 2021-08-25) Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Akintoye, Simisola; Bitsch, Lise; Bringedal, Berit; Eke, Damian; Farisco, Michele; Grasenick, Karin; Guerrero, Manuel; Knight, William; Leach, Antonia; Nyholm, Sven; Ogoh, George; Rosemann, Achim; Salles, Arleen; Trattnig, Julia; Ulnicane, Inga
    Drawing on more than eight years working to implement Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in the Human Brain Project, a large EU-funded research project that brings together neuroscience, computing, social sciences, and the humanities, and one of the largest investments in RRI in one project, this article offers insights on RRI and explores its possible future. We focus on the question of how RRI can have long-lasting impact and persist beyond the time horizon of funded projects. For this purpose, we suggest the concept of “responsibility by design” which is intended to encapsulate the idea of embedding RRI in research and innovation in a way that makes it part of the fabric of the resulting outcomes, in our case, a distributed European Research Infrastructure.
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    Good governance as a response to discontents? Déjà vu, or lessons for AI from other emerging technologies
    (Taylor and Francis, 2021-03-07) Ulnicane, Inga; Eke, Damian; Knight, William; Ogoh, George; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-
    Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to intense debates about benefits and concerns associated with this powerful technology. These concerns and debates have similarities with developments in other emerging technologies characterized by prominent impacts and uncertainties. Against this background, this paper asks, What can AI governance, policy and ethics learn from other emerging technologies to address concerns and ensure that AI develops in a socially beneficial way? From recent literature on governance, policy and ethics of emerging technologies, six lessons are derived focusing on inclusive governance with balanced and transparent involvement of government, civil society and private sector; diverse roles of the state including mitigating risks, enabling public participation and mediating diverse interests; objectives of technology development prioritizing societal benefits; international collaboration supported by science diplomacy, as well as learning from computing ethics and Responsible Innovation.
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    Pseudonymization of neuroimages and data protection: Increasing access to data while retaining scientific utility
    (Elsevier, 2021-09-15) Eke, Damian; Stahl, Bernd Carsten, 1968-; Ogoh, George; Knight, William; Akintoye, Simisola; Ochang, Paschal
    For a number of years, facial features removal techniques such as ‘defacing’, ‘skull stripping’ and ‘face masking/ blurring’, were considered adequate privacy preserving tools to openly share brain images. Scientifically, these measures were already a compromise between data protection requirements and research impact of such data. Now, recent advances in machine learning and deep learning that indicate an increased possibility of re- identifiability from defaced neuroimages, have increased the tension between open science and data protection requirements. Researchers are left pondering how best to comply with the different jurisdictional requirements of anonymization, pseudonymization or de-identification without compromising the scientific utility of neuroimages even further. In this paper, we present perspectives intended to clarify the meaning and scope of these concepts and highlight the privacy limitations of available pseudonymization and de-identification techniques. We also discuss possible technical and organizational measures and safeguards that can facilitate sharing of pseudonymized neuroimages without causing further reductions to the utility of the data.
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    Responsible AI, SDGs, and AI Governance in Africa
    (IST-Africa 2022 Conference Proceedings, 2022-08-12) Wakunuma, Kutoma; Ogoh, George; Eke, Damian; Akintoye, Simi
    More than ever before, AI is now an area of national strategic importance. This has become quite evident with the proliferation of national AI strategies since the first was launched in Canada in 2017. There is now an ever-growing body of national AI strategies especially in countries situated in the Global South. AI is seen as a key driver of economic development and the strategies describe how countries plan to exploit AI technologies to achieve national development goals. However, AI technologies also generate problematic and unintended consequences, and the national strategies often describe governance mechanisms for mitigating such issues. As the national development goals of many countries also align with the UN SDGs, this paper explores the relationship between responsible governance of AI, the attainment of the UN SDGs and the implications for African countries. The paper shows that there is a clear link between the development of AI and the attainment of the SDGs. Also, based on an analysis of two AI policy tracking repositories - the OECD AI Policy Observatory and Oxford AI Readiness Index – this paper shows how African countries have lagged behind countries in the Global South in terms of the development of governance structures for AI. This has far-reaching implications for the attainment of the SGDs and the paper provides recommendations in this area.
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    The state of the responsible research and innovation programme: A case for its application in additive manufacturing
    (Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019-05-13) Ogoh, George; Fairweather, N Ben
    Many of the ethical issues of additive manufacturing (AM) are not well known or understood, and there remains a policy vacuum that needs to be addressed. This paper aims to describe an approach that has been applied successfully to other emerging technologies, referred to as the responsible research and innovation (RRI) framework programme. A case is then made for the application of this approach in the AM industry with an illustration of how it might be used.
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    Time to consider animal data governance: perspectives from neuroscience
    (Frontiers, 2023-08-29) Eke, Damian; Ogoh, George; Stahl, Bernd; Knight, William
    Scientific research relies mainly on multimodal, multidimensional big data generated from both animal and human organisms as well as technical data. However, unlike human data that is increasingly regulated at national, regional and international levels, regulatory frameworks that can govern the sharing and reuse of non-human animal data are yet to be established. Whereas the legal and ethical principles that shape animal data generation in many countries and regions differ, the generated data are shared beyond boundaries without any governance mechanism
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    Understanding the perceptions of UK COVID-19 contact tracing app in the BAME community in Leicester
    (Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 2021-12-13) Akintoye, Simisola; Ogoh, George; Krokida, Zoi; Nnadi, Juliana; Eke, Damian
    Purpose – Digital contact tracing technologies are critical to the fight against COVID-19 in many countries including the UK. However, a number of ethical, legal and socio-economic concerns that can affect uptake of the app have been raised. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceptions of the UK digital contact tracing app in the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) community in Leicester and how this can affect its deployment and implementation. Design/methodology/approach – Data was collected through virtual focus groups in Leicester, UK. A total of 28 participants were recruited for the study. All participants are members of the BAME community, and data was thematically analysed with NVivo 11. Findings – A majority of the participants were unwilling to download and use the app owing to legal and ethical concerns. A minority were willing to use the app based on the need to protect public health. There was a general understanding that lack of uptake will negatively affect the fight against COVID-19 in BAME communities and an acknowledgement of the need for the government to rebuild trust through transparency and development of regulatory safeguards to enhance privacy and prevent misuse. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the research makes original contributions being the first robust study conducted to explore perceptions of marginalised communities, particularly BAME which may be adversely impacted by the deployment of the app. By exploring community-based perceptions, this study further contributes to the emerging citizens’ perceptions on digital contact tracing which is crucial to the effectiveness and the development of an efficient, community-specific response to public attitudes towards the app. The findings can also help the development of responsible innovation approaches that balances the competing interests of digital health interventions with the needs and expectations of the BAME community in the UK.