Browsing by Author "Murrie, I. S. L."

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    Childhood obesity and socioeconomic status: a novel role for height growth limitation.
    (2005) Cecil, J. E.; Watt, P.; Murrie, I. S. L.; Wrieden, W.; Wallis, D. J.; Hetherington, M. M.; Bolton-Smith, C.; Palmer, C. N. A.
    OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence and socioeconomic context of overweight and obesity in a cohort of Scottish children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary schools in Dundee, Angus, and Fife, Eastern Scotland, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1240 boys and 1214 girls aged between 4–10 y. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Weight, height and body mass index (weight/height2). RESULTS: Overall overweight or obesity prevalence was 24.6%, while prevalence of obesity alone was 6.1%. Individuals from schools with a high level of low-income families were 65% more likely to be overweight as judged by BMI. However, these children weighed the same as more affluent children of the same age, but were 1.26 cm shorter. CONCLUSION: These data confirm the continued increase in childhood obesity in the UK and reveal a role for height-growth limitation in the absence of overall growth restriction, among children from low-income groups. This observation raises important questions regarding socioeconomic environmental factors in promoting the currently increasing levels of obesity.
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    Energy intakes of children after preloads: adjustment, not compensation.
    (2005) Cecil, J. E.; Palmer, C. N. A.; Wrieden, W.; Murrie, I. S. L.; Bolton-Smith, C.; Watt, P.; Wallis, D. J.; Hetherington, M. M.
    Background: Young children accurately compensate for energydense preloads consumed before test meals. The accuracy of compensation seems to deteriorate as a function of age. Objective: The hypothesis that accurate energy compensation varies by age, body mass index, and individual characteristics of children and their mothers was tested. Design: Energy intake (EI) from a test meal was measured in 74 children aged 6–9 y 90 min after the ingestion of no-energy (NE), low-energy (LE), or high-energy (HE) preload snacks. The NE preload consisted of 250 mL water, the LE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin a 250-mL orange drink (783 kJ), and the HE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin a 250-mL orange drink (1628 kJ). Results: A significant dose-related reduction in EI was found after the preloads; younger children adjusted more effectively than did older children, although total EI (including preload energy) indicated that the adjustment was not accurate. The compensation index (COMPX) differed by preload and age group; COMPX scores were higher between the NE and LE preloads (younger children: 44.4 9.3%; older children: 57.0 11.6%) than between the NE and HE preloads (39.6 4.9%; 31.3 6.2%) and the LE and HE preloads (35.2 7.8%; 7.4 9.8%). This finding indicates a more consistent response across preloads and a greater sensitivity to energy load by younger than by older children. High interindividual variation and low intraindividual variation inCOMPXwas found. The tendency to over- or undereat in response to the preloads (deviation from perfect) correlated directly and positively with maternal concerns about child overweight, not with actual BMI. Conclusions: The children adjusted their EIs in response to different preloads, and the younger children did so more effectively than did the older children. Poor short-term energy compensation may
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    Variants of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g- and b-adrenergic receptor genes are associated with measures of compensatory eating behaviors in young children.
    (2007) Cecil, J. E.; Palmer, C. N. A.; Fischer, B.; Watt, P.; Wallis, D. J.; Murrie, I. S. L.; Hetherington, M. M.
    Background: Young children can regulate energy precisely in the short term, showing the potential for an innate compensation mechanism of eating behavior. However, data suggest that precise compensation is attenuated as a function of increasing adiposity, parental feeding style, and age.Commonvariation in candidate obesity genes may account for some of the individual variation observed in shortterm energy compensation. Polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARG) and -adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) genes have been linked to increased body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2), obesity, and more recently dietary nutrients and preferences. In addition, common variation in ADRB3 interacts with PPARG to modulate adult body weight. Objective: This study investigated whether variants in these genes were associated with measurable effects on child eating behavior. Design: Children (n 84) aged 4–10 y were prospectively selected for variants of the PPARG locus (Pro12Ala, C1431T). Heights and weights were measured. Energy intake from a test meal was measured 90 min after ingestion of a no-energy (NE), low-energy (LE), or high-energy (HE) preload, and the compensation index(COMPX) was calculated. Results: BMI differed significantly by gene model, whereby Pro12Ala was associated with a lower BMI. Poor COMPX was associated with the PPARG T1431 allele (P 0.009). There was a significant interaction between COMPX and the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant in modulating compensation (P 0.003), whereas the Arg64 allele was associated with good compensation (P 0.001). Conclusions: This is the first study to suggest that a genetic interaction involving ADRB3 and PPARG variants influences eating behavior in children.