Browsing by Author "Moroz, Adam"

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    Allosteric control model of bone remodelling containing periodical modes.
    (Elsevier, 2007-05-01) Moroz, Adam; Wimpenny, D. I. (David I.)
    To help to understand the modelling process that occurs when a scaffold is implanted it is vital to understand the rather complex bone remodelling process prevalent in native bone. We have formulated a mathematical model that predicts osteoactivity both in scaffolds, as well as in bone in vivo and could set a basis for the more detailed allosteric models. The model is extended towards a bio-cybernetic vision of basic multicellular unit (BMU) action, when some of the regulation loops have been modified to reflect the allosteric control mechanisms, developed by Michaels–Menten, Hill, Koshland–Nemethy–Filmer, Monod–Wyman–Changeux. By implementation of this approach a four-dimensional system was obtained that shows steady cyclic behaviour using a wide range of constants with clear biological meaning. We have observed that a local steady state appears as a limiting cycle in multi-dimensional phase space and this is discussed in this paper. Physiological interpretation of this limiting four-dimension cycle possibly related to a conservative-like value has been proposed. Analysis and simulation of the model has shown an analogy between this conservative value, as a kind of substrate-energy regenerative potential of the bone remodelling system with a molecular nature, and to the classical physical value — energy. This dynamic recovery potential is directed against both mechanical and biomechanical damage to the bone. Furthermore, the current model has credibility when compared to the normal bone remodelling process. In the framework of widely recognised Hill mechanisms of allosteric regulation the cyclic attractor, described formerly for a pure cellular model, prevails for different forms of feedback control. This result indicates the viability of the proposed existence of a conservative value (analogous to energy) that characterises the recovery potential of the bone remodelling cycle. Linear stability analysis has been performed in order to determine the robustness of the basic state, however, additional work is required to study a wider range of constants.
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    Bone tissue remodelling – the local and systemic control and mathematical modelling.
    (UNESCO, 2010) Wimpenny, D. I. (David I.); Moroz, Adam; Tallis, Andrea
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    The Common Extremalities in Biology and Physics
    (Elsevier, 2012) Moroz, Adam
    This book is the first unified systemic description of dissipative phenomena, taking place in biology, and non-dissipative (conservative) phenomena, which is more relevant to physics. Fully updated and revised, this new edition extends our understanding of nonlinear phenomena in biology and physics from the extreme / optimal perspective.
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    Cooperative and collective effects in light of the maximum energy dissipation principle
    (Elsevier, 2010) Moroz, Adam
    We compare the collective phenomena in physics and cooperative phenomena in biology/chemistry in terms of the variational description. The maximum energy dissipation employed and the cost-like functional was chosen according to an optimal control based formulation. Using this approach, the variational outline has been considered for non-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions. The differences between the application of the proposed approach to the description of cooperative phenomena in chemical/ biochemical kinetics and the Landau free energy approach to collective phenomena in physics have been investigated.
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    Design and Manufacture of Customised Denture Frameworks Using Magics®/Autofab® and SLM
    (AIHLS-2013, 2013-09) Kutiyal, S.; Moroz, Adam; Attenborough, E.; Alrbaey, K.
    Layer additive manufacturing technologies are progressing from rapid prototyping and rapid tooling. The development of finished parts made of metal powders without post processing is especially suitable for creation of precision part/object from small to mass customized fabrication; hence is the key application of these technologies. Laser based layer manufacturing techniques are mostly preferred in medical industry, particularly in the manufacture of denture frameworks; since these need to good mechanical properties and density. The introduction of new fibre and disc equipped system has significantly improved the accuracy of the processed components. The main objective of this work is to illustrate how this technology can be effectively used in the manufacturing of denture frameworks.
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    Design and Manufacturing of Children’s Remote Control for Child Viewing
    (Production Engineering Institute (PEI), University of Maribor, 2013-06) Madani, R.; Moroz, Adam; Baines, E.
    This paper presents a child-centred product design development process to produce a customised fingerprint-activated remote control for children using additive manufacturing technology. The paper is centred on the idea of using children's input in a design process using the imagination of the child. The My Remote manages television viewing content for children, restricts inappropriate content, controls viewing time and helps maintain a safe distance from the television screen. A finger-shaped design shaped by children based on the fingerprint recognition and the action of pointing at the television was adopted, which demonstrated a synergy of functional and aesthetic design. The design process considered 4D elements, such as interface design, navigation, mood lighting and sounds, and 3D representations using Solid Works showing various colour schemes. Prototype models were produced using SLA (Stereolithography) and FDM (fused deposit modelling) techniques, allowing for ergonomic testing and visualisation. The study found that including children's input allowed subtle adaptations in the design requirements of the children because they were able to ergonomically test the remote control. The research culminated in a prototype model finger-shaped design, thich fulfilled the criteria that it had to be innovative, inspired and liked by children, be comfortable and demonstrate functional requirements.
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    Design and Manufacturing of Remote Control for Children Viewing Using Children Inspiration
    (Ghent University, Belgium, 2012-09) Madani, R.; Moroz, Adam
    The recruitment of children’s imagination in the development of new product design provides an interesting source of new ideas for product development, including for products for children. This study is related to the design and manufacture of a prototype for a remote control that controls television viewing content for children, to protect them from inappropriate content, control their viewing time and keep them at a safe distance from the television screen. For security reasons this remote control is activated by a fingerprint recognition system. Research was carried out to comprehend children’s behaviour and their television viewing habits, this was instrumental in the development of design ideas. In particular the design was influenced by input from parents and children and the relationship between the functionality and the use of the remote control, producing a finger-shaped design inspired by the fingerprint recognition and the action of pointing the device at the television. The project considered 4D elements: such as interface design, mood lighting and sounds and 3D representations using Solid Works were produced showing various colour schemes. Prototype models were produced using SLA (stereolithography) and FDM (fused deposit modelling) techniques, allowing for ergonomic testing and visualisation.
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    Electropolishing of re-melted SLM stainless steel 316L parts using deep eutectic solvents: 3x3 full factorial design
    (Springer, 2016-05-27) Alrbaey, K.; Wimpenny, David Ian; Al-Barzinjjy, A. A.; Moroz, Adam
    This three-level three-factor full factorial study describes the effects of electropolishing using deep eutectic solvents on the surface roughness of re-melted 316L stainless steel samples produced by the selective laser melting (SLM) powder bed fusion additive manufacturing method. An improvement in the surface finish of re-melted stainless steel 316L parts was achieved by optimizing the processing parameters for a relatively environmentally friendly electropolishing process using a Choline Chloride ionic electrolyte. The results show that further improvement of the response value-average surface roughness (Ra) can be obtained by electropolishing after re-melting to yield a 75% improvement compared to the as-built Ra. The best Ra value was less than 0.5 lm, obtained with a potential of 4 V, maintained for 30 min at 40 C. Electropolishing has been shown to be effective at removing the residual oxide film formed during the remelting process. The material dissolution during the process is not homogenous and is directed preferentially toward the iron and nickel, leaving the surface rich in chromium with potentially enhanced properties. The re-melted and polished surface of the samples gave an approximately 20% improvement in fatigue life at low stresses (approximately 570 MPa). The results of the study demonstrate that a combination of re-melting and electropolishing provides a flexible method for surface texture improvement which is capable of delivering a significant improvement in surface finish while holding the dimensional accuracy of parts within an acceptable range.
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    Evaluation of Suitability of Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Use by Children
    (2015-01) Madani, R.; Moroz, Adam; Baines, E.; Makled, B.
    Technology that facilitates rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing has become increasingly available to the ordinary user in the home, the office, or at school. These rapid prototyping technologies should make it possible to offer school children the opportunity to design and then realise three dimensional (3D) objects. One of the perceived benefits of this is that children can become more involved in the process of producing 3D objects. Unfortunately, because of the nature of the available of the technology, and the issues associated with access to materials, adult help, supervision and assistance are often required, depriving children of the opportunity to create and produce freely, taking ownership of the process. This study evaluates the different techniques and materials available to children, highlighting their benefits and limitations, and reaching a conclusion about which materials and techniques are the most suitable for achieving a child-led approach to production. The study concludes that Cubify Cube is the most appropriate solution in terms of ease of use, not requiring adult assistance or supervision or the realisation of designs.
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    Investigating the Demand for Short-shelf Life Food Products for SME Wholesalers
    (World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2016-06) Raju, Y.; Kang, Parminder Singh; Moroz, Adam; Clement, Ross; Hopwell, Ashley; Duffy, A. P.
    Accurate forecasting of fresh produce demand is one the challenges faced by Small Medium Enterprise (SME) wholesalers. This paper is an attempt to understand the cause for the high level of variability such as weather, holidays etc., in demand of SME wholesalers. Therefore, understanding the significance of unidentified factors may improve the forecasting accuracy. This paper presents the current literature on the factors used to predict demand and the existing forecasting techniques of short shelf life products. It then investigates a variety of internal and external possible factors, some of which is not used by other researchers in the demand prediction process. The results presented in this paper are further analysed using a number of techniques to minimize noise in the data. For the analysis past sales data (January 2009 to May 2014) from a UK based SME wholesaler is used and the results presented are limited to product ‘Milk’ focused on café’s in derby. The correlation analysis is done to check the dependencies of variability factor on the actual demand. Further PCA analysis is done to understand the significance of factors identified using correlation. The PCA results suggest that the cloud cover, weather summary and temperature are the most significant factors that can be used in forecasting the demand. The correlation of the above three factors increased relative to monthly and becomes more stable compared to the weekly and daily demand.
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    An Investigation into the Effects of Teacher Involvement and Influence on the Creativity of Children in the Classroom
    (IOSR, 2017-08) Baines, E.; Madani, R.; Moroz, Adam; Makled, B.
    Children have potential for demonstrating increased creativity where certain negative influences are removed during the creative process. These negative influences include the involvement of the teacher in the art and design class at school. This study establishes through primary and secondary research the different ways that teachers engage with children as potential influences that are tested through experimentation. The study was concerned with revealing levels of creativity in designs as well as signs of adult influence. The results revealed that different types of involvement do have a negative impact on creativity, especially giving children instructions.
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    On a variational formulation of the Maximum Energy Dissipation principle for nonequilibrium chemical thermodynamics
    (Elsevier, 2008-05-05) Moroz, Adam
    In this work we revise the applicability of the optimal control and variational approach to the maximum energy dissipation (MED) principle in non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The optimal control analogies for the kinetical and potential parts of thermodynamic Lagrangian (in the form of a sum of the positively defined thermodynamic potential and positively defined dissipative function) have been considered. An interpretation of thermodynamic momenta is discussed with respect to standard optimal control applications,which employ dynamic constraints. Also included is interpretation in terms of the least action principle.
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    On Optimization of Surface Roughness of Selective Laser Melted Stainless Steel Parts: A Statistical Study
    (Springer, 2014-04-22) Airbaey, K.; Wimpenny, David Ian; Tosi, Riccardo; Manning, Warren; Moroz, Adam
    In this work, the effects of re-melting parameters for postprocessing the surface texture of Additively Manufactured parts using a statistical approach are investigated. This paper focuses on improving the final surface texture of stainless steel (316L) parts, built using a Renishaw SLM 125 machine. This machine employs a fiber laser to fuse fine powder on a layer-by-layer basis to generate three-dimensional parts. The samples were produced using varying angles of inclination in order to generate range of surface roughness between 8 and 20 lm. Laser re-melting (LR) as post-processing was performed in order to investigate surface roughness through optimization of parameters. The re-melting process was carried out using a custom-made hybrid laser re-cladding machine, which uses a 200 W fiber laser. Optimized processing parameters were based on statistical analysis within a Design of Experiment framework, from which a model was then constructed. The results indicate that the best obtainable final surface roughness is about 1.4 lm±10%. This figure was obtained when laser power of about 180 W was used, to give energy density between 2200 and 2700 J/cm2 for the re-melting process. Overall, the obtained results indicate LR as a postbuild process has the capacity to improve surface finishing of SLM components up to 80%, compared with the initial manufactured surface.
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    On the variational framework employing optimal control for biochemical thermodynamics.
    (Elsevier, 2011) Moroz, Adam; Wimpenny, D. I. (David I.)
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    Phenomenological model of bone remodeling cycle containing osteocyte regulation loop.
    (Elsevier, 2006-01-01) Moroz, Adam; Crane, Martin C.; Smith, Geoff; Wimpenny, D. I. (David I.)
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    The population model of bone remodelling employed the optimal control
    (Elsevier, 2012) Moroz, Adam
    Several models have been developed in recent years which apply population dynamics methods to describe the mechanisms of bone remodelling. This study incorporates the population kinetics model of bone turnover (including the osteocyte loop regulation) with the optimal control technique. Model simulations have been performed with a wide range of rate parameters using the Monte Carlo method. The regression method has also been used to investigate the interdependence of the location of equilibrium and the characteristics of the equilibrium/ relaxation time on the rate parameters employed. The dynamic optimal control outlook for the regulation of bone remodelling processes, in the context of the osteocyte-control population model, has been discussed. Optimisation criteria have been formulated from the perspective of the energetic and metabolic losses in the tissue, with respect to the performance of the bone multicellular unit.
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    Realising a child's imagination through a child-led product design for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional products
    (Inderscience, 2015-12-14) Madani, R.; Moroz, Adam; Baines, E.; Makled, B.
    Realising a child's imagination through a child-led product design for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional products
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    Reduced order modelling of bone resorption and formation.
    (De Montfort University, 2011) Moroz, Adam
    The bone remodelling process, performed by the Bone Multicellular Unit (BMU) is a key multi-hierarchically regulated process, which provides and supports various functionality of bone tissue. It is also plays a critical role in bone disorders, as well as bone tissue healing following damage. Improved modelling of bone turnover processes could play a significant role in helping to understand the underlying cause of bone disorders and thus develop more effective treatment methods. Moreover, despite extensive research in the field of bone tissue engineering, bonescaffold development is still very empirical. The development of improved methods of modelling the bone remodelling process should help to develop new implant designs which encourage rapid osteointegration. There are a number of limitations with respect to previous research in the field of mathematical modelling of the bone remodelling process, including the absence of an osteocyte loop of regulation. It is within this context that this research presented in this thesis utilises a range of modelling methods to develop a framework for bone remodelling which can be used to improve treatment methods for bone disorders. The study concentrated on dynamic and steady state variables that in perspective can be used as constraints for optimisation problem considering bone remodelling or tissue remodelling with the help of the grafts/scaffolds.The cellular and combined allosteric-regulation approaches to modelling of bone turnover, based on the osteocyte loop of regulation, have been studied. Both approaches have been studied different within wide range of rate parameters. The approach to the model validation has been considered, including a statistical approach and parameter reduction approach. From a validation perspective the cellular class of modes is preferable since it has fewer parameters to validate. The optimal control framework for regulation of remodelling has been studied. Future work in to improve the models and their application to bone scaffold design applications have been considered. The study illustrates the complexity of formalisation of the metabolic processes and the relations between hierarchical subsystems in hard tissue where a relatively small number of cells are active. Different types/modes of behaviour have been found in the study: relaxational, periodical and chaotic modes. All of these types of behaviour can be found, in bone tissue. However, a chaotic or periodic modes are ones of the hardest to verify although a number of periodical phenomena have been observed empirically in bone and skeletal development. Implementation of the allosteric loop into cellular model damps other types of behaviour/modes. In this sense it improves the robustness, predictability and control of the system. The developed models represent a first step in a hierarchical model of bone tissue (system versus local effects). The limited autonomy of any organ or tissue implies differentiation on a regulatory level as well as physiological functions and metabolic differences. Implementation into the cellular phenomenological model of allosteric-like loop of regulation has been performed. The results show that the robustness of regulation can be inherited from the phenomenological model. An attempt to correlate the main bone disorders with different modes of behaviour has been undertaken using Paget’s disorder in bone, osteoporosis and some more general skeleton disorders which lead to periodical changes in bone mass, reported by some authors. However, additional studies are needed to make this hypothesis significant. The study has revealed a few interesting techniques. When studying a multidimensional phenomenon, as a bone tissue is, the visualisation and data reduction is important for analysis and interpretation of results. In the study two novel technical methods have been proposed. The first is the graphical matrix method to visualise/project the multidimensional phase space of variables into diagonal matrix of regular combination of two-dimensional graphs. This significantly simplifies the analysis and, in principle, makes it possible to visualise the phase space higher than three-dimensional. The second important technical development is the application of the Monte-Carlo method in combination with the regression method to study the character and stability of the equilibrium points of a dynamic system. The advantage of this method is that it enables the most influential parameters that affect the character and stability of the equilibrium point to be identified from a large number of the rate parameters/constants of the dynamic system. This makes the interpretation of parameters and conceptual verification of the model much easier.
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    Rheological Properties of HA Slurry for the Production of Bone Scaffolds by Layer Manufacturing
    (2007) Jones, Jason B.; Tallis, Andrea; Tillotta, V.; Moroz, Adam; Wimpenny, D. I. (David I.)
    In recent years, innovative methods have been developed for the repair and regeneration of damaged and diseased bone tissue. Ceramic bio-scaffolds provide advantageous features as compared to other materials. The potential exists to use a slurry* composed of silica and hydroxyapatite (HA) which can be extruded through a controlled rate/pressure nozzle for rapid and accurate manufacturing of the green body of the scaffold. In order to fine-tune the slurry to be used in this process analysis of the HA particles and rheological characterisation and testing of a range of slurry formulations was undertaken. The measurement of the viscosity, its time dependent behaviour and the strength of the internal structure of the slurry are vital tools to characterize the suitability of ceramic slurry for the extrusion process. A plotting trial was also conducted with the objective of examining the behaviour of the different formulations under a range of pressure/extrusion rate parameters. The composition of the slurry formulations was in the range of 30 to 40 weight % of HA and was eventually fine-tuned to 35% by weight HA, which gave the best performance from the point of view of viscosity, oscillation, and extrusion properties. It was observed that the slurries behaved in non-Newtonian, shear-dependent complex modes.