Browsing by Author "Lomas, K. J."
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Item Metadata only Architectural design of an advanced naturally ventilated building form(2007-02-01) Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only Central heating thermostat settings and timing: building demographics(2009) Shipworth, M.; Firth, Steven; Gentry, M. I.; Wright, A. J.; Shipworth, D. T.; Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only Current and likely future performance of advanced natural ventilation.(2009) Ji, Y.; Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only Design strategy for low-energy ventilation and cooling within an urban heat island(2004-05-01) Lomas, K. J.; Short, C. A.; Woods, A.Item Open Access Do Domestic Heating Controls Save Energy? A Review of the Evidence(Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018-05-23) Lomas, K. J.; Oliveira, S.; Warren, P.; Haines, V.; Chatterton, T.; Beizaee, A.; Prestwood, E.; Gething, B.Claims about the benefits of heating controls are often biased, unsubstantiated, misleading, or incorrect. This paper presents a systematic and critical international review of the evidence for the energy saving, cost effectiveness and usability of heating controls. The focus is domestic, low-pressure hot water heating systems in temperate climates. Eleven different types of standard, advanced and smart controls are assessed plus five components and features that add smart functionality. The review retrieved over 2400 documents from on-line databases and other sources. Screening criteria and quality assurance scoring identified just 67 items, mainly from the UK and USA, which appeared to contain relevant evidence. This evidence was derived from computer modelling, field trials and full-scale experiments, and for usability, from expert evaluations and controlled assessments. The evidence was synthesised and its quality classified as very low, low, moderate or high using the GRADE system which is more commonly applied in evidence-based medicine. The energy savings of most heating controls depends strongly on whether the heating system is operated with a continuous or periodic heating pattern, as well as on the energy efficiency of the dwelling and the severity of the climate. For most control types, the quality of the evidence for energy savings was low, very low or non-existent. However, there was moderate quality evidence that, when appropriately commissioned, zonal controllers, which heat individual spaces to different temperatures at different times, could save energy compared to whole-house controllers, and that low-cost systems of this type could be cost-effective. There was moderate quality evidence that smart thermostats do not save energy compared to standard thermostats and programmers and may, in fact, increase energy demand.The usability studies focussed on general heating controls and programmable thermostats and provided high quality evidence that heating controls are difficult to use, especially by older people. However, no studies were uncovered that quantified the consequent energy penalty. There was no high quality evidence about the impact on energy demand of any of the heating controls studied, mainly because there have been no well-founded, large-scale, multi-disciplinary, multi-year field trials.Item Open Access A domestic operational rating for UK homes: Concept, formulation and application(Energy and Buildings, 2019-07-12) Lomas, K. J.; Beizaee, A.; Allinson, D.; Haines, V.J.; Beckhelling, J.; Loveday, D.L.; Porritt, S.M.; Mallaband, B.; Morton, AshleyA Domestic Operational Rating (DOR) scheme is presented for assessing the energy performance of occupied dwellings. The DOR is complementary to the method used to generate the asset rating of UK dwellings: the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The DOR is transparent, easy to calculate, based on readily available information, producible from daily smart meter data, calculable for any period on a rolling year basis and applicable across all UK homes. The DOR method was developed using a new primary data set collected from 114 homes as part of the DEFACTO project. All were semi-detached, gas centrally heated, privately owned and internet connected properties, located in the English Midlands. The mean daily energy demands are analysed alongside information gathered through an energy survey and household questionnaires. These data are presented and analysed for the first time in this paper. The DOR method, which is described in full, generates metrics that indicate the absolute and relative energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs of homes. The DOR ratings for the D114 homes were stable from year to year. Comparing the DOR with homes’ asset (SAP) ratings, indicates that the SAP rating poorly reflects the inter-home variation of households’ actual energy demand. For the D114 homes, it was possible produce a reduced data Domestic Operational Rating, rdDOR, using the energy demands measured on only a few cold days. Although developed in the UK context, the DOR is generally applicable to national, regional or local housing stocks in which daily energy demand is metered. Potential improvements to the DOR, and the need for trials using smart meter data from diverse homes and locations, are discussed.Item Metadata only Empirical validation of building energy simulation programs(Elsevier, 1997) Lomas, K. J.; Eppel, H; Martin, C. J.; Bloomfield, D. P.Item Metadata only Energy use.(2009) Lomas, K. J.; Baker, Keith John; Rylatt, R. M.Item Metadata only Environmental performance of a naturally ventilated city centre library(Elsevier, 2007-07-01) Cook, M. J.; Krausse, B.; Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only First principles modeling of thermal sensation responses in steady-state and transient conditions(ASHRAE Transactions, 2003-01-01) Lomas, K. J.; Fiala, Dusan; Stohrer, M.Item Metadata only Hybrid ventilation for low energy building design in south China.(2008) Ji, Y.; Lomas, K. J.; Cook, M. J.Item Metadata only Hybrid ventilation for low energy building design in south China.(2009) Ji, Y.; Lomas, K. J.; Cook, M. J.Item Metadata only Identifying trends in the use of domestic appliances from household electricity consumption measurements(Elsevier, 2008) Firth, Steven; Lomas, K. J.; Wright, A. J.; Wall, R. D.Item Metadata only Low energy architecture for a severe US climate: design and evaluation of a hybrid ventilation strategy(Energy and Buildings, 2006-01-01) Lomas, K. J.; Cook, M. J.; Fiala, DusanItem Open Access Measuring the potential of zonal space heating controls to reduce energy use in UK homes: The case of un-furbished 1930s dwellings(Elsevier, 2015-01-28) Beizaee, A.; Allinson, David; Lomas, K. J.; Foda, Ehab; Loveday, D. L.A matched pair of 1930s semi-detached houses, in original condition and un-refurbished in terms of energy efficiency, were employed to measure the energy savings that might result from the use of zonal space heating control (ZC). The houses were adjoined and had the same synthetic, yet realistic, occupancy schedule, the same new central heating system, and were exposed to the same weather conditions. In one house the space heating was controlled conventionally (CC) according to minimum requirements in UK Building Regulation Part L1B for existing dwellings, whereas in the other house ZC was used to heat the rooms only when they were ‘occupied’. Over an 8-week winter test period, the house with ZC used 11.8% less gas despite 2.4 percentage points drop in average daily boiler efficiency. Although zonal control reduced the mean indoor air temperature of the whole house by 0.6 °C, it did not reduce the average air temperature in rooms during the hours of active ‘occupancy’. Normalisation and extrapolation of the results shows that, compared to CC, ZC could reduce annual gas demand for space heating by 12% in most regions of the UK, and that ZC would be a more effective energy efficiency measure in homes in the cooler, more northerly regions of the UK.Item Metadata only Methods of predicting urban domestic energy demand with reduced datasets: a review and a new GIS-based approach(SAGE, 2003-05-01) Rylatt, R. M.; Gadsden, Stuart; Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only Predicting local thermal discomfort adjacent to glazing.(ASHRAE, 2008) Rees, S. J.; Lomas, K. J.; Fiala, DusanItem Metadata only Predicting the diversity of internal temperatures from the English residential sector using panel methods(Elsevier, 2012) Kelly, S.; Shipworth, M.; Shipworth, D. T.; Gentry, M. I.; Wright, A. J.; Pollitt, M.; Crawford-Brown, D.; Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only Putting solar energy on the urban map: a new GIS-based approach for dwellings(Elsevier, 2003-05-01) Rylatt, R. M.; Gadsden, Stuart; Lomas, K. J.Item Metadata only Resilience of naturally ventilated buildings to climate change: Advanced natural ventilation and hospital wards.(2009) Lomas, K. J.; Ji, Y.