Browsing by Author "Smith, A.C."

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    The Effect of Resistance Exercise on Inflammatory and Myogenic Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
    (Frontiers, 2017-07-28) Watson, E.; Viana, J.L.; Wimbury, D.; Greening, N.; Barratt, J.; Smith, A.C.
    Background: Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) experience muscle wasting which is associated with morbidity and mortality. Exercise can provide physiological and psychological benefits for CKD patients, however the molecular response to exercise is unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular response to resistance exercise before and after training in patients with CKD. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial that investigated the effect of 8-week progressive resistance training on muscle mass and strength compared to non-exercising controls. A sub-set of the cohort consented to vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsies in which we have studied molecular events relating to protein degradation, myogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Results: Untrained, a single bout of exercise resulted in blunted phosphorylation of Akt and reduced mRNA expression of MyoD and myogenin, which was somewhat restored after 8 weeks of resistance training. We also observed a heightened and prolonged inflammatory response to unaccustomed exercise, which was reduced after training. There was no evidence that resistance exercise training created a prolonged oxidative stress response within the muscle, or increased catabolism suggesting that the exercise was not damaging. Conclusions: These results indicate that resistance exercise training may help restore the anabolic environment that is usually created by a bout of exercise, but is initially absent in these patients. These data also suggest that if patients are similarly limited in their response to other anabolic stimuli such as feeding, this may provide part of the explanation why patients lose muscle mass.
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    Microparticles and Exercise in Clinical Populations
    (2018) Highton, P.J.; Martin, N.; Smith, A.C.; O Burton, J.; Bishop, N.C.
    Microparticles (MPs) are shed membrane vesicles released from a variety of cell types in response to cellular activation or apoptosis. They are elevated in a wide variety of disease states and have been previously measured to assess both disease activity and severity. However, recent research suggests that they also possess bioeffector functions, including but not limited to promoting coagulation and thrombosis, inducing endothelial dysfunction, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine release and driving angiogenesis, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. Current evidence suggests that exercise may reduce both the number and pathophysiological potential of circulating MPs, making them an attractive therapeutic target. However, the existing body of literature is largely comprised of in vitro or animal studies and thus drawing meaningful conclusions with regards to health and disease remains difficult. In this review, we highlight the role of microparticles in disease, comment on the use of exercise and dietary manipulation as a therapeutic strategy, and suggest future research directions that would serve to address some of the limitations present in the research to date